TABLE 4.

Studies of lung transplant recipients’ evaluations of association between TTV load detected by in-house PCR and allograft rejection and infection, respectively

Study designa	TX period	Included patients	Endpoint; timing	Number of events	Main association	Limitationsb
			Rejection
Cohort89	2013–2015	143	CLAD/AR (iBX); month 6–y 5 post-TX	22 CLAD	TTV 3 mo before event–rejection	Three endpoints; some major determinants of TTV not included in the effect size adjustment
				11 AR
Case-control88	2003–2013	47	CLAD; month 4–y 3 post-TX	20	TTV at event–rejection	Possible selection bias; rejection not BX proven; no effect size adjustment
Case-control90	2006–2015	34	AR (pBX); months 4–12 post-TX	13	TTV before event–rejection	Possible selection bias; 2 endpoints; 3 suspected rejection episodes in the control group; no effect size adjustment
			Infection
Cohort69	2008	31c	Infectious events; month 4–y 2 post-TX	13	TTV before event–infection	Insufficient definition of outcome; no effect size adjustment
Cohort89	2013–2015	143	Infections requiring hospitalization; month 6–y 5 post-TX	28	TTV 3 mo before event–infection	Three endpoints; some major determinants of TTV not included in the effect size adjustment
Case-control90	2006–2015	34	Infection leading to medical measure; months 4–12 post-TX	19	TTV months 4 to 12 post-TX–infection	Possible selection bias; 2 endpoints; no effect size adjustment

^aThe studies are listed according to their design and date of their online publication.

^bAll studies followed a noninterventional and single-center design.

^cA total of 24 patients analyzed.

AR, acute rejection; BX, biopsy; CLAD, chronic lung allograft dysfunction; iBX, indication biopsy; pBX, protocol biopsy; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; TTV, torque teno virus; TX, transplantation.