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. 2022 Sep 29;17(9):e0273526. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273526

Table 1. Participant characteristics overall and in each trial.

Overall (n = 770) ORCHID (n = 479) TEACH (n = 128) HAHPS (n = 85) WU352 (n = 30) NCT04344444 (n = 20) OAHU-COVID19 (n = 16) NCT04335552 (n = 11) COVID MED (n = 1)
HCQ/CQ (n = 412) Control (n = 358) HCQ/CQ (n = 242) Control (n = 237) HCQ/CQ (n = 67) Control (n = 61) HCQ/CQ (n = 42) Control (n = 43) HCQ/CQ (n = 30) HCQ/CQ (n = 15) Control (n = 5) HCQ/CQ (n = 10) Control (n = 6) HCQ/CQ (n = 6) Control (n = 5) Control (n = 1)
Sex, No. (%)
 Female 167 (41) 158 (44) 106 (44) 105 (44) 22 (33) 30 (49) 14 (33) 19 (44) 18 (60) 2 (13) 2 (40) 4 (40) 0 (0) 1 (17) 2 (40) 0 (0)
 Male 244 (59) 200 (56) 135 (56) 132 (56) 45 (67) 31 (51) 28 (67) 24 (56) 12 (40) 13 (87) 3 (60) 6 (60) 6 (100) 5 (83) 3 (60) 1 (100)
 Missing/unknown 1 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Race, No. (%)
 Black 95 (23) 71 (20) 58 (24) 57 (24) 14 (21) 11 (18) 0 (0) 1 (2) 18 (60) 5 (33) 2 (40) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
 White 197 (48) 158 (44) 109 (45) 103 (43) 32 (48) 23 (38) 29 (69) 26 (60) 11 (37) 10 (67) 2 (40) 2 (20) 0 (0) 4 (67) 3 (60) 1 (100)
 Multiple 3 (1) 3 (1) 2 (1) 3 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (17) 0 (0) 0 (0)
 Othera 107 (26) 113 (32) 73 (30) 74 (31) 14 (21) 18 (30) 10 (24) 13 (30) 1 (3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 8 (80) 6 (100) 1 (17) 2 (40) 0 (0)
 Unavailable 10 (2) 13 (4) 0 (0) 0 (0) 7 (10) 9 (15) 3 (7) 3 (7) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (20) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Ethnicity, No. (%)
 Hispanic 144 (35) 135 (38) 91 (38) 87 (37) 25 (37) 25 (41) 15 (36) 17 (40) 1 (3) 9 (60) 3 (60) 1 (10) 0 (0) 2 (33) 3 (60) 0 (0)
 Not Hispanic 248 (60) 210 (59) 145 (60) 143 (60) 42 (63) 36 (59) 27 (64) 24 (56) 25 (83) 0 (0) 0 (0) 9 (90) 6 (100) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (100)
 Unavailable 20 (5) 13 (4) 6 (2) 7 (3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (5) 4 (13) 6 (40) 2 (40) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4 (67) 2 (40) 0 (0)
Age (5y bins), median (IQR) 55.0 (45.0–70.0) 55.0 (45.0–65.0) 55.0 (45.0–65.0) 55.0 (40.0–65.0) 65.0 (55.0–75.0) 65.0 (55.0–75.0) 55.0 (40.0–65.0) 50.0 (40.0–60.0) 55.0 (45.0–60.0) 70.0 (62.5–75.0) 65.0 (60.0–65.0) 67.5 (56.3–70.0) 45.0 (41.3–56.3) 47.5 (41.3–61.3) 55.0 (50.0–60.0) 55.0 (55.0–55.0)
BMI
 Median (IQR) 30.0 (25.7–36.1) 31.4 (27.0–37.2) 31.3 (26.4–37.2) 31.1 (27.2–36.5) 25.9 (22.9–30.5) 29.3 (24.9–35.9) 31.7 (26.6–37.4) 36.3 (30.7–41.0) 30.5 (28.0–34.0) 27.7 (24.3–34.1) 29.3 (25.4–34.2) 28.8 (26.7–34.2) 26.0 (24.0–30.5) 33.6 (30.2–36.4) 44.2 (34.5–47.9) 37.9 (37.9–37.9)
 Missing, No. (%) 16 (4) 19 (5) 16 (7) 18 (8) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Baseline ordinal scale, No. (%)
 2: hosp, mech vent 23 (6) 25 (7) 13 (5) 19 (8) 0 (0) 0 (0) 7 (17) 6 (14) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 3 (30) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
 3: hosp, NIV 49 (12) 42 (12) 28 (12) 27 (11) 13 (19) 7 (11) 6 (14) 7 (16) 1 (3) 1 (7) 1 (20) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
 4: hosp, supp ox 191 (46) 175 (49) 116 (48) 108 (46) 25 (37) 34 (56) 23 (55) 24 (56) 13 (43) 7 (47) 3 (60) 6 (60) 5 (83) 1 (17) 0 (0) 1 (100)
 5: hosp, no ox 146 (35) 112 (31) 85 (35) 83 (35) 26 (39) 17 (28) 6 (14) 6 (14) 16 (53) 7 (47) 0 (0) 1 (10) 1 (17) 5 (83) 5 (100) 0 (0)
 Missing 3 (1) 4 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 3 (4) 3 (5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (20) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Baseline ordinal scale (numeric)
 Mean (SD) 4.1 (0.8) 4.1 (0.8) 4.1 (0.8) 4.1 (0.9) 4.2 (0.8) 4.2 (0.6) 3.7 (0.9) 3.7(0.9) 4.5 (0.6) 4.4 (0.6) 3.8 (0.5) 3.5 (1.1) 4.2 (0.4) 4.8 (0.4) 5.0 (0.0) 4.0 (NA)
 Missing, No. (%) 3 (1) 4 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 3 (4) 3 (5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (20) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
Days between symptom onset and enrollment
 Median (IQR) 5.0 (3.0–8.0) 6.0 (3.0–8.0) 5.0 (3.0–7.0) 5.0 (3.0–7.0) 7.0 (3.0–9.0) 7.0 (4.0–14.0) 8.0 (5.3–12.0) 9.0 (7.0–11.0) 5.0 (3.3–9.8) 2.0 (2.0–5.5) 6.0 (2.0–10.0) 4.5 (4.0–6.5) 2.5 (0.5–3.8) NA NA 7.0 (7.0–7.0)
 Missing, No. (%) 6 (1) 5 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 6 (100) 5 (100) 0 (0)
Baseline comorbidity count
 Median (IQR) 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 3.0 (3.0–4.0) 4.0 (3.0–5.0) 2.0 (1.0–2.0) 2.0 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (2.0–4.0) 5.0 (4.0–5.5) 3.0 (3.0–4.0) 2.0 (2.0–3.0) 2.0 (1.3–4.3) NA NA NA
 Missing, No. (%) 16 (4) 15 (4) 3 (1) 2 (1) 3 (4) 2 (3) 4 (10) 5 (12) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 6 (100) 5 (100) 1 (100)
Azithromycin use (at or before d28), No. (%)
 Not assigned, did not take 311 (75) 248 (69) 195 (81) 193 (81) 54 (81) 44 (72) 28 (67) 0 (0) 16 (53) 4 (27) 5 (100) 10 (100) 4 (67) 4 (67) 2 (40) 0 (0)
 Not assigned, took 75 (18) 63 (18) 47 (19) 44 (19) 13 (19) 17 (28) 14 (33) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (7) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (33) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
 Assigned, took 26 (6) 45 (13) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 42 (98) 14 (47) 10 (67) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (33) 3 (60) 0 (0)
 Assigned, did not take 0 (0) 1 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
 Missing 0 (0) 1 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (100)
Concurrent corticosteroid use (at or before d28), No. (%)
 Yes 57 (14) 61 (17) 39 (16) 49 (21) 7 (10) 6 (10) 7 (17) 6 (14) 2 (7) 2 (13) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)
 Missing 6 (1) 5 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 6 (100) 5 (100) 0 (0)
First dose received on day of enrollment, No. (%)
 Yes 386 (94) 324 (91) 241 (100) 225 (95) 50 (75) 51 (84) 41 (98) 31 (72) 29 (97) 13 (87) 5 (100) 6 (60) 6 (100) 6 (100) 5 (100) 1 (100)
 Missing 6 (1) 12 (3) 0 (0) 9 (4) 4 (6) 2 (3) 1 (2) 1 (2) 1 (3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HCQ/CQ, hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine; IQR, interquartile range; NIV, noninvasive ventilation (includes BiPAP/CPAP and/or high-flow oxygen).

aIncludes American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and other. To protect participant privacy, ORCHID’s data set grouped three of its race variables with low frequencies (American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander). For the sake of uniformity, we combined these groups and the “Other” category for the other studies as well.