TABLE 2.
Pharmacological therapies for treating sepsis-induced AKI.
| Drugs | Categories | Mechanisms | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angiotensin II | Angiotensin II | AT1R | Reduced the levels of KIM-1; Alleviated oliguria; Prevented the elevation of serum creatinine | Leisman et al. (2021); Khanna et al. (2017); Tumlin et al. (2018) |
| AP | Bovine-derived AP; Human recombinant AP | De-phosphorylation of LPS and ATP | Increased endogenous creatinine clearance; Reduced RRT requirement and duration | Peters et al. (2015); Heemskerk et al. (2009); Pickkers et al. (2012); Kiffer-Moreira et al. (2014); Peters et al. (2016); Pickkers et al. (2018) |
| mTOR inhibitors | Rapamycin/sirolimus; temsirolimus | Promoted autophagy | Increased numbers of autophagosomes; Attenuated mitochondrial damage | Sunahara et al. (2018); Howell et al. (2013) |
| DEX | DEX | Activation of α2-AR; Regulation of p75NTR/p38MAPK/JNK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and α2-AR/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways; Decreased the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome | Reduced renal sympathetic nerve activity; Inhibited vasopressin release; Promoted diuresis and natriuresis; Inhibited oxidative stress and apoptosis; Enhanced autophagy; Downregulated the expressions of IL-1β and 18 | Gellai and Edwards. (1988); Miranda et al. (2015); Wang et al. (2020); Zhao et al. (2020); Yang et al. (2020) |
| RIPK3 inhibitor | GSK’872 | Alleviated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction; Accelerated the degradation of autophagosomes | Induced the formation of autolysosomes; Alleviated tubular injury and renal dysfunction | Sureshbabu et al. (2018); Li et al. (2021b) |
AT1R, angiotensin type-1 receptor; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; AP, alkaline phosphatase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; RRT, renal replacement therapy; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; DEX, dexmedetomidine; α2-AR, α2-adrenoreceptor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; JNK, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; NLRP3, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3; IL, interleukin; RIPK3, Receptor interacting protein kinase 3.