Fig. 1.

Typical maternal behavior of a rhesus macaque. Female is holding (Left), nursing (Center), and protecting her infant from the perceived threat of the author coming near her enclosure (Right). Most monkeys in our colony respond to familiar humans by indicating a desire for a scratch or expectation of a treat; mothers with infants are extra-defensive (10, 18) and will initially show aggression for a few seconds then calm down and accept treats. The infant in these photos is monkey B2, whose behavior as an adult is described below.