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. 2022 Jul 4;9(10):nwac128. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwac128

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Application of mineral–microbe interaction in bioleaching and development of mineral fertilizers. The primary pathways in such applications include (1) acidolysis; (2) redox reaction; and (3) complexation. Bioleaching primarily refers to microbial extraction of valuable metals (e.g. Au, Cu and REE) from low-grade ores, mining wastes and tailings. Mineral fertilizer refers to microbial weathering of minerals and release of nutrient elements (e.g. K, Mg, P and Fe) to support crop growth.