Figure 6.

Optogenetics facilitated by UCNPs. (a) NaYF₄:Yb,Er@NaYF₄:Yb core-shell nanoparticles convert 800-nm NIR light to 550-nm green emission for activating ReaChR in cultured hippocampal neurons. Adapted with permission from [78]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (b) An implantable device composed of UCNPs in a glass micro-optrode, converting incident NIR light to visible light emission for in-vivo optogenetics. Adapted with permission from [23]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier Inc. (c) NaYF₄:Yb,Tm@NaYF₄ UCNPs convert 980-nm NIR light to 470-nm blue emission for activating ChR2 (top), enabling deep-brain optogenetics in the VTA (bottom). Adapted with permission from [22]. Copyright 2018, American Association for the Advancement of Science.