Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with persistent headache after COVID-19 resolution, healthy controls (HC), episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM) patients
| COVID-19 headache (n = 42) | HC (n = 43) | EM (n = 43) | CM (n = 43) | Statistical test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, male/female | 11/31 (26/74%) | 11/32 (26/74%) | 9/34 (21/79%) | 6/37 (14/86%) |
1. p = 1† 2. p = 0.62† 3. p = 0.18† |
| Age (years) | 43.8 ± 10.2 | 41.8 ± 10.2 | 40.1 ± 6.4 | 41.3 ± 7.1 |
1. U = 1015, p = 0.33‡ 2. t = 2.00, p = 0.049§ 3. U = 1110, p = 0.070‡ |
| Disease duration | 10.1 ± 3.4 months | 16.0 ± 11.4 year | 21.9 ± 10.2 year | ||
| Headache frequency (days/month) | 30 ± 0 | 3.5 ± 1.9 | 22.8 ± 6.7 | ||
| Diffusion MRI sample | n = 40 | n = 41 | n = 43 | n = 43 | |
| Gender, male/female | 11/29 (28/72%) | 11/30 (27/73%) | 9/34 (21/79%) | 6/37 (14/86%) |
1. p = 1† 2. p = 0.61† 3. p = 0.17† |
| Age (years) | 43.7 ± 10.3 | 41.0 ± 9.6 | 40.1 ± 6.4 | 41.3 ± 7.1 |
1. U = 959, p = 0.19‡ 2. t = 1.90, p = 0.062§ 3. U = 1050, p = 0.084‡ |
| Disease duration | 10.2 ± 3.5 months | 16.0 ± 11.4 year | 21.9 ± 10.2 year | ||
| Headache frequency (days/month) | 30 ± 0 | 3.5 ± 1.9 | 22.8 ± 6.7 |
†Fisher’s exact test. ‡Mann–Whitney U test. §Two-tailed, unpaired Student’s t-test (Welch test). 1. COVID-19 headache vs. HC. 2. COVID-19 headache vs. EM. 3. COVID-19 headache vs. CM. Data are expressed as means ± SD. The phenotype other does not adhere to migraine or TTH following ICHD-3 guidelines. TTH = tension-type-headache