Table 1.
General factors that increase the risk of osteoporosis and fractures
| Non-modifiable risk factors | |
| Age | Personal history of previous fracture |
| Female sex | Genetic (family history) |
| Ethnicity (Asian or Caucasian) | Hip fractures in first-degree relatives |
| Modifiable risk factors | |
| Low levels of physical activity (prolonged immobilization and/or sedentary lifestyle) | Estrogen deficiency (early menopause, prolonged amenorrhea periods) |
| Smoking | Low calcium intake or malnutrition |
| Alcohol consumption (≥ 3 units per day) | Osteoporosis secondary to chronic or consumptive diseases |
| Low weight (< 58 kg or 127 lb) | Chronic glucocorticoid use |
| Drugs used in oncology | |
| Aromatase inhibitors (BC) | Chemotherapy |
| Steroidal (exemestane) | Alkylating agents |
| Non-steroidal (anastrozole, letrozole) | Anthracyclines Docetaxel |
| GnRH agonists (BC: goserelin, triptorelin) | Doxorrubicin |
| Selective ER Modulators (BC) | 5-fluorouracil |
| Androgen deprivation therapy (PC) | Other |
| LHRH analogues (goserelin, buserelin, leuprorelin, triptorelin) | Other drugs |
| LHRH antagonists (goserelin) | Antidepressants and serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
| Antiandrogens (enzalutamide, bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide) | Oral antidiabetics (thiazolidinediones) |
| Other osteopenizing drugs | |
| Methotrexate | NSAIDs |
| Megestrol acetate | Estramustine |
| Platinum compounds | Ifosfamide |
| Cyclophosphamide | Radiotherapy |
| Interferon-alfa | Combination of chemotherapy regimens |
| Cyclosporine | Valproic acid |
| Vitamin A | |
ADT androgen deprivation therapy, BC breast cancer, ER estrogen receptor, GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone, kg kilograms, lb pounds, LHRH luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PC prostate cancer