Table 3.

Pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with cancer

Non-pharmacological measures	Pharmacological measures
Smoking cessation	Hormone replacement therapies
Avoid excess alcohol intake	Antiresorptive agents
Avoid excess caffeine intake	Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs)
Avoid sedentary lifestyle	Calcitonin
Prevent falls	Bisphosphonates (alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronate)
Balanced diet	Denosumab (anti-RANKL biologic)
Adequate intake of:
Trace minerals
Proteins
Vitamin D
Calcium Combination of calcium and vitamin D
Physical therapy (improve muscle strength and balance)

RANKL receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, SERMs selective estrogen receptor modulators