Table 1.

Selected pre-clinical and clinical studies supporting exercise interventions in musculoskeletal health. The choice of studies was arbitrary and not exhaustive, in order to focus only on the most significant results according to the authors

	Condition	Treatment	Weeks of treatment	Age and sex	Animals/humans	Outcome	References
Muscle-centered diseases	Frailty	Voluntary wheel running	4 weeks	28-30 months M	Mice C57BL/6	Reverse frailty, improve muscle mass and strength	[36]
	Frailty	Voluntary wheel running	13 weeks	21-23 months M-F	Mice C57BL/6	Reverse frailty, increase lifespan in female	[37]
	Frailty	HIIT (10-minute treadmill)	3 times/wk for 4 months	24 months M	Mice C57BL/6	Attenuate frailty, improve muscle and mitochondrial mass	[38]
	Frailty	HIIT (10-minute treadmill)	3 times/wk for 2 months	24 months F	Mice C57BL/6	Attenuate frailty	[39]
	Frailty	Aerobic, resistance, and flexibility exercises	up to 150 min/wk	70-89 years old	Human	Did not attenuate frailty	[42]
	Frailty	Aerobic training	60 min/2 days/wk per 26 weeks	65–85 years old	Human	Attenuate partially frailty	[43]
	Frailty	Aerobic, resistance, and flexibility exercises	60 min/3 days per 16 weeks	≥65 years old	Human	Improve frailty	[44]
	Cachexia	Treadmill running	30 min/5 days/wk per 4 weeks	10-11 weeks F	Mice BALB/c	Ameliorate CC-induced muscle wasting	[47]
	Cachexia	Motorized wheel running	11 m/min for 45 min per 5 days/wk	6 weeks F	Mice BALB/c	Counteract the metabolic impairments	[48]
Bone-centered diseases	Osteoartrithis	Treadmill running	16 m/min, 3 days/wk for 8 weeks	12 weeks M	Wistar rats	Reduce inflammation and improve functional performance	[51]
	Osteoporosis	Treadmill running	6 m/min for 5 min + 8 m/min for 55 min (+1m/min/wk) per 9 weeks	12 weeks F	Mice C57BL/6	Reduce osteopenia	[52]
	Rheumatoid arthritis	Aerobic exercise	Several	44–68 years old	Human	Improve function	[53]