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. 2022 Sep 29;13:5730. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33326-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Colonic cross sections of uninfected or C. rodentium (9 dpi) infected C57BL/6 mice stained with anti-IRF-1 (red), anti-Ep-CAM (green), and DAPI (blue) and analyzed by confocal microscopy (epithelium: yellow arrow heads; lamina propria cells: white arrow heads). Scale bars represent 100 µm. b–g Irf1^+/+ and Irf1^–/– mice were infected orally with 4 × 10⁹ CFU of C. rodentium. b Weights of infected mice were recorded daily and plotted as percentage of baseline (Irf1^+/+: n = 19, Irf1^–/– n = 18). Day 4 pvalue: 0,0172; pvalues day5-day9: <0.0001. c, d Bacterial loads were measured via in vivo imaging (n = 15/group). Day 8 p value: 0.0008; p values day5–day7: <0.0001. e Fecal bacterial loads (CFU/g stool) on 3, 5 and 8 dpi. (Irf1^+/+: n = 9, Irf1^–/– n = 7). f Dissemination of C. rodentium to livers (Irf1^+/+: n = 13, Irf1^–/– n = 11), spleens (Irf1^+/+: n = 13, Irf1^–/– n = 11), mLN (Irf1^+/+: n = 8, Irf1^–/– n = 6) and blood (Irf1^+/+: n = 8, Irf1^–/– n = 6) (9 dpi). g C. rodentium colonization of the colonic epithelial surface and penetration of the crypt bottom (white arrow heads) was visualized by staining cross sections by immunohistochemistry. Scale bar: 100 µm. h Irf1^+/+ and Irf1^–/– mice (n = 3/group) were infected with a C. rodentium reporter-strain expressing M-Ruby-II. Tissue samples from distal colon (7 dpi) were analysed by label-free multiphoton microscopy (MPM; excitation at 810 nm) to define densities of bacterial clusters per MPM image (1/mm²). Scale bar: 50 µm. Data is expressed as mean ± SEM. Two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test was used for statistical comparison. In (e) and (f) exact p values are provided in the plots. *p ≤ 0.05; ***p ≤ 0.001; ****p ≤ 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source data file.