FIGURE 1.

Selective inhibition of solTNF prevents expansion in PPE-induced AAA. (A) Representative macroscopic images displaying PPE-induced AAAs after 14 days of treatment with vehicle (saline), ETN (20 mg/kg), or XPro1595 (20 mg/kg). (B) In vivo AAA expansion measured as percentage change in the maximal outer diameter of the abdominal aorta (OAD) from day 0 to day 14 (n = 15–16). (C) AAA cross-sections stained with Miller’s elastic stain (black) after TNF inhibition (n = 3–5). Breaks in elastic fibers are marked with arrows. (D) Percentage distribution of elastic fiber integrity (grades 1–4) according to treatment groups (n = 3–5). (E,F) The number of MMP-9-positive cells/mm² cross-sectional aneurysmal area from mice treated with vehicle-, ETN-, or XPro1595 (n = 3–5). Data are shown as mean SEM. * Indicates p < 0.05 analyzed by one-way ANOVA using Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons. Contingency table data in E was analyzed by Fisher exact probability test with Freeman-Halton extension. M, media; Ad, adventitia.