TABLE 1.

The therapeutic role of different MSC-EVs in OA treatment.

MSC source	Cargo	Model	Delivery strategies	Therapeutic effect	References
BMSCs	miR-92a-3p	Collagenase induced mice OA model	Local intra-articular injection	Promoting cartilage development and maintaining homeostasis via miR-92a-3p/pathway	Mao et al. (2018)
	miR-320c	Chondrocytes isolated from OA articular cartilage samples	Co-culture	Enhancing cartilage extracellular matrix deposition (upregulate SOX9 and downregulate MMP13)	Sun et al. (2019)
	—	Collagenase induced mice OA model	Local intra-articular injection	Inhibiting inflammation, inducing expression of matrix formation-related genes and preventing OA progression	Cosenza et al. (2017)
	lncRNA MEG-3	Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) transection and medial meniscectomy (MM) induced rat OA model	Local intra-articular injection	Reducing the senescence and apoptosis of chondrocytes	Jin et al. (2021)
	lncRNA LYRM4	IL-1β induced inflammatory chondrocyte	Co-culture	Reversing the carbolic changes of chondrocytes induced by IL-1β via lncRNA LYRM4-AS1/GRPR/miR-6515–5p pathway	Wang et al. (2021a)
	miR-136–5p	Post-traumatic mice OA model	Local intra-articular injection	Promoting collagen II, aggrecan, and SOX9 expression of chondrocytes via miR-136–5p/ELF3, and inhibiting post-traumatic OA progression	Chen et al. (2020)
	—	Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) transection induced rat OA model	Local intra-articular injection	Alleviating OA via promoting M2 polarization of synovial macrophages	Zhang et al. (2020)
	lncRNA NEAT1	Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) induced mice OA model	Local intra-articular injection	Activating the proliferation and autophagy of chondrocytes via lncRNA NEAT1/miR-122–5p/Sesn2/Nrf2 pathway	Zhang and Jin, (2022)
ADSCs	—	IL-1β induced inflammatory chondrocyte	Co-culture	Inhibiting inflammation and protecting chondrocytes via upregulating annexin A1 and downregulating NF-κB	Tofiño-Vian et al. (2018)
	miR-199a, 125b, 221, 92a)	Destabilisation of the medial meniscus (DMM) induced mice OA model	Local intra-articular injection	Enhancing cartilage matrix deposition and protecting cartilage from degradation	Woo et al. (2020)
	—	IL-1β induced inflammatory chondrocyte	Co-culture	Attenuating inflammatory micro-environment via inhibiting NF-κB pathway	Cavallo et al. (2021)
EMSCs	—	MIA injection induced rat TMJ-OA	Local intra-articular injection	Activating cartilage repair and restoring matrix via activating adenosine receptor, and phosphorylation of AKT, ERK and AMPK	Zhang et al. (2019)
UMSCs	miR-100–5p	Chondrocytes isolated from OA articular cartilage samples	Co-culture	Inhibiting ROS production and cell apoptosis through miR-100–5p/NOX4	Li et al. (2021d)
	miR-122–5p, 148a-3p, 486–5p, let-7a-5p, 100–5p	Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) transection induced rat OA model	Local intra-articular injection	Enhancing M2 polarization through PI3K/AKT pathway, and alleviating OA progression	Li et al. (2022)
	miR-1208	Destabilisation of the medial meniscus (DMM) induced mice OA model	Local intra-articular injection	Reducing osteophyte production, and chondrocyte apoptosis via miR-1208/METTL3 induced m6A level decrease of NLRP3 mRNA	Zhou et al. (2022)
AFSCs	TGF-β	Monoiodoacetate-induced rat OA model	Local intra-articular injection	Modulating macrophage polarization and preventing cartilage damage	Zavatti et al. (2020)
SMSCs	miR-129–5p	IL-1β induced inflammatory chondrocyte	Co-culture	Suppressing IL-1β-mediated OA via miR-129–5p/HMGB1 pathway	Qiu et al. (2021)
	miR-26a-5p	IL-1β induced inflammatory chondrocyte	Co-culture	Inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation of chondrocytes	Lu et al. (2021)