TABLE 1.
Chemically-powered MNRs for motile-targeting drug delivery.
| Energy sources | Composition | Environment | Motion behavior | Loaded cargo/therapeutic drugs | Biomedical application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2O2 | CNTDOX-Fe3O4-Tf/COX-Fe3O4-mAb nanobots | In vitro | PBS: 0.338 mm/s, DMEM: 0.831 mm/s, blood serum: 1.011 mm/s (0.5% H2O2) | DOX hydrochloride | Chemotherapy for tumor | Andhari et al. (2020) |
| Dual-drive hybrid micromotors (PS@Fe3O4@Pt-PS) | In vitro | ≈12.5 μm/s (10% H2O2) | N.A. | Drug delivery in future | Chen et al. (2020) | |
| Graphene/FeOx-MnO2 micromotors | In vitro | Average speed 89 ± 59 μm/s (0.03% H2O2) | N.A. | N.A. | Ye et al. (2018) | |
| PEG-PS polymersome-based Janus nanomotors | In vitro | N.A. | Fluorescein sodium salt (model drug) | Drug delivery | Peng et al. (2018) | |
| Water | PACT-guided microrobotic system | In vitro, In vivo | < 1 mm/min | DOX | Drug delivery | Wu Z et al. (2019) |
| Qβ VLPs-loaded Mg-based micromotors | In vitro, In vivo | Average speed in intraperitoneal (IP) fluid ≈60 μm/s | Qβ VLPs | Cancer immunotherapy (ovarian cancer) | Wang Cet al., (2020) | |
| Mg-Fe3O4-based Magneto-fluorescent nanorobots | In vitro | 0.393 ± 0.07 mm/s in serum with 1.0 M NaHCO3 | N.A. | Capture and isolate tumor cells | Wavhale et al. (2021) | |
| L-arginine | NO-driven nanomotors | In vitro | HLA10: 3 μm/s, HLA15:8 μm/s, HLA20:13 μm/s | NO, HPAM, L-citrulline | Various diseases (e.g., tumor) | Wan et al. (2019) |
| Native acid | Calcium carbonate micromotors | In vitro | 0.544 μm/s | N.A. | Drug delivery for cancer treatment | Guix et al. (2016) |
| Micromotor toxoids | In vitro, In vivo | ∼200 μm/s | Antigen | Gastrointestinal drug delivery | Karshalev et al. (2019) | |
| Macrophage-Magnesium biohybrid micromotors | In vitro | Average speed ≈127.3 μm/s | N.A. | Endotoxin neutralization | Zhang et al. (2019) | |
| Poly (aspartic acid)/iron−zinc microrockets | In vitro, In vivo | ≈29.2 ± 7.9 μm/s (gastric acid simulant) | DOX | Chemotherapy (gastric cancer) | Zhou et al. (2019) | |
| Collagen (collagenase) | Collagenase-powered MF-NPs coated microswimmers | In vitro | ≈22 μm/s (collagen solution) | Multifunctional nanoparticles | Potential for Cargo delivery | Ramos-Docampo et al. (2019) |
| H2O2 (catalase) | Ultrasmall stomatocyte polymersomes | In vitro | From 13.69 ± 1.11 to 20.52 ± 0.35 μm/s (2–20 mM H2O2) | N.A. | Potential for cargo delivery | Sun et al. (2019) |
| Glucose (GOx) | Dual enzyme-functionalized core-shell nanomotors | In vitro | N.A. | Photosensitizer, upconversion nanoparticles | Synergetic photodynamic and starvation therapy | You et al. (2019) |
| Urea (urease) | enzyme-powered Janus platelet micromotors | In vitro | ≈7 μm/s (200 mM urea concentration) | DOX | Various disease (e.g., breast cancer) | Tang et al. (2020) |
| Multilayer-urea -based Janus Au/MMPs | In vitro | 21.5 ± 0.8 μm/s (physiological urea concentrations (10 mM)) | N.A. | Potential for drug delivery | Luo et al. (2020) | |
| Urease-powered silica NPs based nanomotors | In vitro | N.A. | N.A. | Targeted bladder cancer therapy | Hortelao et al. (2018) | |
| Enzyme-powered gated mesoporous silica nanomotors | In vitro | N.A. | DOX, [Ru (bpy)3]Cl2 (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) | Intracellular Payload Delivery | Llopis-Lorente et al. (2019b) |