Table 3.

Summary of studies characterizing the role of novel biomarkers in prognosis and outcomes in COVID-19

Biomarker in COVID	Study	Recommendation
Presepsin	Favaloro et al[73]	Presepsin elevation is a reliable biomarker in COVID-19
	Park et al[74]	A four-to-five-fold increase in presepsin correlates with disease severity in COVID-19
	Lippi et al[75]
	Koyjit et al[73]
	Fukada et al[77]	Presepsin is elevated in severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 associated respiratory complications
	Park et al[74]	Presepsin level at 717pg/ml is a significant predictor of 30-day mortality
	Dell’Aquila et al[79]	A threefold rise in presepsin has been identified as a very specific indicator of 30-day mortality
	Lippi et al[75]
Soluble ST2 (sST2)	Omland et al[87]	Robust association between baseline sST2 level and disease severity along with poor outcome
	Huang et al[88]	Baseline sST2 is associated with a worse prognosis
	Ragusa et al[89]	Circulating level of sST2 can be used as a discharge prognosticator
Galectin-3	Caniglia et al[96]	Gal-3 is considerably higher in bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with severe COVID-19 disease
	Portacci et al[97]	Higher galectin-3 is associated with worse outcomes and shorter survival
Copeptin	Gregoriano et al[100]	Serum copeptin level above 20 Pmol/L had sensitivity of > 88% to predict severe COVID-19
	Hammad et al[101]	Serum copeptin level above 18.5 Pmol/L had sensitivity of > 93% and specificity of 100% to predict severe COVID-19
GDF 15	Apfel et al[103]	Higher levels of GDF-15 correlated with severity of COVID-19

Gal-3: Galectin-3; GDF-15: Growth differentiation factor 15; sST2: Soluble ST2.