Figure 3.

EFs, overriding default directional cues at the free edge, guide and mobilize cell sheets by inducing propagation of increased directionality and speed across the whole cell sheets

(A and B) Snap shots of directionality (Dir) and speed heatmaps of a cell sheet in the first hour after EF application. The images are derived from Videos S3 and S4. Directionality and speed of movement of the cell sheet are shown as heatmaps from PIV analysis from two adjacent images with a time interval of 5 min.

(C and D) kymographs of directionality and speed as a function of time along the x axis (C) and y axis (D), respectively. Kymographs in no EF group show that directionality and speed propagate from the free edge to the center of the cell sheet and then deflect back when they meet. Kymographs in an EF (200 mV/mm) show a dramatic increase in directionality and speed propagating from the leading edge to rear edge. Dashed lines indicate the onset of the field. The experiment duration is 7 h. Kymographs presented are drawn from one experiment and confirmed in three independent experiments. See also Figures S2 and S3; Videos S3 and S4.