Table 1.
Normative data of HCs on cognitive assessments.
| Mean ±SD | Range | Cut-off score | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (M/F) | 23/45 | - | - |
| Age (years) | 45.44 ± 12.78 | 22–75 | - |
| Education (years) | 12.13 ± 2.92 | 6–19 | - |
| ACE-R (Max 100) | 90.13 ± 6.33 | 80–99 | 80/81 |
| Attention/working memory | |||
| DOT-A (Max 12) | 7.34 ± 1.69 | 4–12 | 4/5 |
| DST (Max 18) | 8.19 ± 2.10 | 4–13 | 5/6 |
| Executive function | |||
| VFT (Max -) | 19.38 ± 3.99 | 12–27 | 13/14 |
| CDT (Max 15) | 13.68 ± 1.53 | 10–15 | 11/12 |
| Language | |||
| WAIS-RC (Max 26) | 19.06 ± 3.21 | 13–26 | 14/15 |
| BNT (Max 30) | 25.78 ± 2.68 | 20–30 | 21/22 |
| Memory | |||
| HVLT-R (Max 36) | 26.26 ± 3.97 | 18–36 | 20/21 |
| BVMT-R (Max 36) | 28.38 ± 4.03 | 19–36 | 22/23 |
| Visuospatial function | |||
| BLO (Max 30) | 27.77 ± 2.29 | 22–30 | 24/25 |
| CCT (Max 15) | 14.62 ± 0.69 | 13–15 | 13/14 |
HC, healthy control; M, male; F, female; SD, standard deviations; ACE-R, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised; DOT-A, adaptive digit ordering test; DST, backward digit span test; VFT, verbal fluency test; CDT, clock drawing test; WAIS-RC, Wechsler intelligence scale for adult-Chinese revised; BNT, Boston naming test; HVLT-R, Hopkins verbal learning test-revised; BVMT-R, brief visuospatial memory test-revised; BLO, Benton line orientation; CCT, clock copying test.