Table 1.
Gene Names | Protein Names | Subcellular Location | Normal Tissue Specificity | Cancer Types | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SIGLEC15 | sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 15 | plasma membrane | macrophage and/or dendritic cells of spleen and lymph nodes | lymphoma, leukemia, thyroid cancer, and renal cell cancer | TAM-associated Siglec-15 has a potent immune suppressive effect on T-cell responses | (23, 24) |
VTCN1 | V-set domain-containing T-cell activation inhibitor 1 | plasma membrane | activated T- and B-cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells | breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and renal cell cancer | negatively regulates T-cell-mediated immune response by inhibiting T-cell activation, proliferation, cytokine production and development of cytotoxicity | (25, 26) |
HHLA2 | human endogenous retrovirus-H long terminal repeat-associating protein 2 | plasma membrane | colon, kidney, testis, B-cells, and dendritic cells | colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and gastric cancer | inhibits CD8+ T and NK cell function and killing | (27, 28) |
FGL2 | fibroleukin | extracellular region and exosome | cytotoxic T-cells | leukemia and lymphoma | induces CD8 + T cell apoptosis to limit T cell immunity through the inhibitory Fc receptor FcγRIIB | (29, 30) |
ENTPD1 | ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (CD39) | plasma membrane | activated lymphoid cells and endothelial tissues | glioma, gastric cancer, and renal cell cancer | hydrolyzes eATP and eADP into eAMP to provide raw materials for CD73 | (31, 32) |
PVR | poliovirus receptor (CD155) | cytoplasm, cell surface and extracellular space | widely expressed | esophageal carcinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and colon carcinoma | provides tumors with a mechanism of immunoevasion from NK cells | (33, 34) |
CD24 | signal transducer CD24 | cell surface | B-cells | Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and gastric cancer | regulates the proliferation of B-cells and prevents their terminal differentiation into antibody-forming cells | (35, 36) |
CD200 | OX-2 membrane glycoprotein | cell membrane | widely expressed | pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma and renal cell cancer | inhibits T-cell proliferation | (37, 38) |
TNFRSF14 | tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 (CD270) | cell membrane | lung, spleen, and thymus | melanoma, lymphoma, and lung cancer | synergistically inhibits the function of lymphocytes with BTLA | (39, 40) |
LGALS9C | galectin-9C | cytosol and nucleus | widely expressed | head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and colorectal cancer | interacts with multiple molecules to regulate immune cells proliferation and death | (41, 42) |
NT5E | 5’-nucleotidase (CD73) | cell membrane | activated lymphoid cells and endothelial tissues | thyroid cancer, gastric cancer, sarcoma, and glioma | hydrolyzes eAMP into immunosuppressive adenosine | (43, 44) |
LAG3 | lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (CD223) | cell membrane and extracellular region | activated T-cells and NK cells | leukemia and testicular germ cell tumors | negatively regulates the proliferation, activation, effector function and homeostasis of both CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells | (45, 46) |
TIGIT | T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains | cell membrane | T-cells and NK cells | leukemia and lung adenocarcinoma | suppresses T-cell activation by promoting the generation of mature immunoregulatory dendritic cells | (47, 48) |
C10orf54 | V-type immunoglobulin domain-containing suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) | cell membrane | placenta, spleen, plasma blood leukocytes, and lung | leukemia and pancreatic cancer | immunoregulatory receptor which inhibits the T-cell response | (49, 50) |
BTLA | B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (CD272) | cell membrane | lymph node | lymphoma and leukemia | inhibitory receptor on lymphocytes that negatively regulates antigen receptor signaling | (51, 52) |
PDCD1 | programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) | cell membrane | induced at programmed cell death | lymphoma, melanoma, and lung cancer | plays a critical role in induction and maintenance of immune tolerance | (53, 54) |
CD276 | CD276 antigen | cell membrane | peripheral blood lymphocytes or granulocytes | sarcoma, glioma, lung cancer, and prostate cancer | inhibits T-cell-mediated immune response and NK cell-mediated lysis | (55, 56) |
CTLA4 | cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 | cell membrane, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasm | widely expressed | lymphoma, leukemia melanoma, and lung cancer | inhibitory receptor acting as a major negative regulator of T-cell responses | (57, 58) |
CD274 | programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) | cell membrane, nucleoplasm, and extracellular exosome | lung, heart, placenta, and kidney | lymphoma, melanoma, and lung cancer | as a ligand for the inhibitory receptor PD-1, modulates the activation threshold of T-cells and limits T-cell effector response | (53, 54) |
CD47 | leukocyte surface antigen CD47 | cell surface and extracellular exosome | widely expressed | leukemia, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer | prevents maturation of immature dendritic cells and inhibits cytokine production by mature dendritic cells | (59, 60) |
TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; NK, natural killer cell; eAMP, extracellular adenosine monophosphate; eADP, extracellular adenosine diphosphate; eATP, extracellular adenosine triphosphate; ITIM, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif.