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Effects and mechanisms of sinomenine in pathological conditions resembling PD. Sinomenine can inhibit MPTP-induced dephosphorylation of Akt and mTOR, thereby promoting the process of autophagy by increasing the expression of Beclin-1, increasing the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and reducing the accumulation of p62 Bao et al. (2022). Sinomenine may also suppress neuroinflammation triggered by MPP+ or LPS, thereby increasing dopamine uptake Qian et al. (2007).
