FIGURE 5.

Effects and mechanisms of sinomenine in pathological conditions associated with neuronal hyperactivity. On the one hand, sinomenine administration can calm the pathological processes associated with epilepsy by suppressing kainate-induced impairment of Nrf2 signaling and the subsequent generation of oxidative stress or by suppressing NF-κB-mediated neuroinflammation and the production of NO in the brain Ramazi et al. (2020). On the other hand, sinomenine may increase sleep latency and shorten total sleep time in pentobarbital-treated animals by promoting Cl- flux, a process thought to be related to the increase in GABA_A receptor expression and GAD65/67 expression translocated to the plasma membrane in mouse hypothalamic neurons Yoo et al. (2017).