FIGURE 7.

Effects and mechanisms of sinomenine in multiple sclerosis. Administration of sinomenine can suppress the pathological processes triggered by MOG_35-55 or MBP_68-82 in the context of multiple sclerosis by suppressing the progression of neuroinflammation in astrocytes and microglia by reducing the activation of the NLRP3 complex Zeng et al. (2007), Kiasalari et al. (2021). Sinomenine can also suppress the overproduction of iNOS in astrocytes triggered by a molecule derived from the anti-CD3 antibody and IL-12-mobilized splenocytes, INF-γ Gu et al. (2012). At present, it is unclear how sinomenine suppresses INF-γ production in cultured splenocytes, and how exactly it affects MOG_35-55 or MBP_68-82-induced neuroinflammation in astrocytes or microglia.