| flow rate decrease |
hydrophobic PCL nanofibers |
synthetic Zika virus |
10-fold |
conv. LFA |
(65) |
| flow
rate decrease |
cellulose
nanofiber aerogel |
mouse IgG |
1000-fold |
conv. LFA |
(66) |
| flow
rate decrease and reagents
concentration |
reduce
detection area from
5 mm to 1 mm |
C-reactive protein |
30-fold |
conv. LFA |
(67) |
| flow
rate decrease and pseudoturbulence
generation |
wax pillars |
HIgG |
3-fold |
conv. LFA |
(69) |
| internal
incubation on TL |
dissolvable
wax barrier |
HIgG |
51.7-fold |
conv. LFA |
(70) |
| flow control |
centrifugal forces |
PSA |
6.2-fold |
conv. LFA |
(72) |
| sample
preconcentration |
magnetic
focusing |
valosin-containing
protein |
4000-fold |
no preconc. |
(73) |
| sample
preconcentration |
magnetic
focusing |
influenza
A (H1N1) antigen |
26-fold |
no magnetic focusing |
(74) |
| sample preconcentration |
filtration |
E. coli |
10-fold |
no filtration |
(10) |
| sample preconcentration |
Nafion-based ICP |
β-hCG |
3.9-fold |
no preconc. |
(75) |
| increase antibodies concentration |
fixing conj. AuNPs in TL |
C. sakazakii |
100-fold |
conv. LFA |
(76) |
| increase signal contrast |
carbon nanoparticles |
E. Coli |
3.8-fold |
conv. LFA |
(77) |
| increase
signal contrast |
MWCNTs |
Meth. |
10-fold |
AuNPs-LFA |
(78) |
| fluorescence
signal transduction
and sample pre-concentration |
magnetic CdSe/ZnS QDs nanobeads |
Influenza A |
LoD of 22 pfu mL−1
|
no comparison |
(81) |
| ratiometry
with target-dependent
and independent reporters |
red CdSe/ZnS QDs and blue
polystyrene nanobeads |
H-IgG |
78-fold |
AuNPs-LFA |
(82) |
| fluorescence signal transduction
and increased signal-to-noise ratio |
fluorescent nanodiamonds |
biotin |
105-fold |
AuNPs-LFA |
(84) |
| signal
amplification |
silver
staining of AuNPs |
Troponin I |
10-fold |
AuNPs-LFA |
(88) |
| signal amplification |
AuNPs coated with HRP |
HIgG |
10-fold |
AuNPs-LFA |
(89) |
| signal amplification |
AuNPs coated with ALP |
potato virus X |
10-fold |
AuNPs-LFA |
(90) |
| signal
amplification |
AuNPs
coated with ultrathin
Pt skins |
PSA |
100-fold |
AuNPs-LFA |
(91) |
| signal
amplification |
porous
platinum core−shell
nanocatalysts (PtNCs) |
P24 |
100-fold |
no catalysis |
(92) |
| alternative signal transduction |
thermal contrast amplification |
influenza, malaria, and C. difficile
|
8-fold |
AuNPs-LFA |
(57) |
| alternative signal transduction |
thermal contrast amplification |
P24 protein |
LoD of 8 pg mL−1
|
no comparison |
(97) |
| alternative
signal transduction |
thermal contrast amplification |
HCG |
12-fold |
AuNPs-LFA |
(58) |
| alternative signal transduction |
photoacoustic imaging |
cryptococcal antigen (CrAg)
from Cryptococcus
|
100-fold |
AuNPs-LFA |
(98) |
| alternative
signal transduction
and sample preconcentration |
surface enhanced Raman scattering
and magnetic focusing |
H1N1 and HAdV viruses |
2000-fold |
AuNPs-LFA |
(103) |
| alternative signal transduction
and flow modulation |
surface enhanced Raman scattering
and sequential flow of Raman reporters |
thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH) |
LoD of 0.15 μIU/mL |
no comparison |
(104) |
| alternative
signal transduction
and bioreceptors |
surface
enhanced Raman scattering
and bacteriophages as bioreceptors |
S. Enteritidis |
no enhancement |
SERS-LFA based on antibodies |
(105) |
