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. 2022 Aug 3;122(18):14085–14179. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00757

Table 9. Timeline of Important Research on Water Solubility Design of Proteins.

1981 Determination of affinities of amino acid side chains for solvent water (Wolfenden et al.).30
1988 De novo design of a globular α-helical protein capable of adopting a stable, folded structure in aqueous solution (DeGrado’s lab).855
1989 (i) Laying the ground for transmembrane protein design through the solvent-exposed hydrophobic residue exchange, and suggesting that transmembrane and soluble proteins share similar core structures with different solvent-exposed residues (Eisenberg and Rees).208
(ii) Use of a short hydrophilic sequence to solubilize penicillin-binding protein 5 with the C-terminus truncation for crystallization (Ferrerra et al.).407
1993 De novo design of soluble four-helix bundle proteins by the binary patterning of polar and nonpolar amino acids (Hecht’s lab).856
1994 De novo design of water-soluble multiheme proteins (DeGrado’s lab and Dutton’s lab).484
1997 (i) Computer assisted fully automatic sequence design and validation of soluble FSD-1 protein (Mayo’s lab).857
(ii) All theoretical design of soluble bacteriorhodopsin (Gibas and Subramaniam).250
2000 Design of water-soluble variants for phospholamban thru mutating lipid facing amino acids (Engel’s lab, Engelman’s lab, and DeGrado’s lab).43,359,360
2002 (i) Rational design of water-soluble bacteriorhodopsin with 14.9% sequence change and limited solubility, still required detergents and lost purple color (not functional) (Engelman’s lab).251
(ii) Conversion of transmembrane toxin aerolysin to a soluble complex through single point mutations (Van der Goot’s lab).222
2003 Enhancing solubility at the physiological pH and folding condition of ankyrin repeat proteins by substituting surface exposed leucine with arginine (Peng’s lab).444
2004 (i) Design of water-soluble analogues for potassium channel KcsA, 160 aa protein (33/160 aa changes equal to 20.6%) that conducted ion transport (DeGrado’s lab).226
(ii) MscL channel protein solubilization through the stoichiometric covalent modification with amphiphiles (Becker and Kochendoerfer).237
2005 Determination of the tetrameric structure for the water-soluble truncated phospholamban and elucidation of sequence determinants that defined coiled-coil symmetry (DeGrado’s lab).215
2006 Redesign of a potassium channel with unknown structure by conservation pattern analysis (Roosild and Choe).235
2008 Design and NMR structural study of solubilized KcsA analogue (33/81 aa changes = 40.7%) (Xu’s lab).234
2010 Design and X-ray crystal structure analysis of a water-soluble form of cross-β architecture (Koide’s lab).172
2012 Design and NMR structure determination of water-soluble nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (23/140 aa changes = ∼17%) (Xu’s lab).254
2013 (i) Design of truncated water-soluble human mu opioid receptor (53/288 aa changes = 18%), detergent still needed for purification (Saven’s lab and Liu’s lab).262
(ii) Design and functional study of MotB by transmembrane segment swapping with leucine zipper (Andrews and Roujeinikova).239
2014 (i) De novo design and X-ray characterization of water-soluble α-helical barrels with central pore diameter related to the oligomeric state (Woolfson’s lab).160
(ii) Optimization on the transmembrane region design of water-soluble human mu opioid receptor (46/288 aa changes = 16%), with deteriorated protein performance (Saven’s lab and Liu’s lab).265,266
2015 Development of a protein (ApoAI*) fusion strategy (SIMPLEx) to solubilize 10 types of structurally irrelevant transmembrane proteins (DeLisa’s lab).267
2016 (i) Engineering soluble human paraoxonase 2 without disturbing its folding for quorum quenching (Ge’s lab).412
(ii) Design of internal hydrogen bond networks in water-soluble concentric coiled-coils (Baker’s lab).365
2017 (i) De novo design of water-soluble variants of light-harvesting protein maquettes (Moser’s lab).495
(ii) Solubilization of membrane bound enzyme DsbB with the SIMPLEx strategy for in vivo and in vitro applications (DeLisa lab).272
2018 (i) Design and crystal structure determination of water-soluble coiled-coils (6/25 aa = 24%) that forms super helical cross-α amyloids (DeGrado’s lab).162
(ii) Use of the QTY code to design five chemokine receptors (20–29% aa change) with native-like ligand specificity and Tm (Zhang’s Lab).274
(iii) De novo design of the water-soluble β-barrel structure with built-in affinity toward fluorescently activate DFHBI (Baker’s lab).171
2019 (i) Design of water-soluble GPCR based chimera receptors with tunable functions and high thermostability (Zhang’s Lab).277
2020 (i) Design of full length water-soluble human mu opioid receptor with enhanced stability (Saven’s lab and Liu’s lab).264
(ii) Design of truncated QTY chemokine receptors for the non-full length native receptor study (Zhang’s Lab).279
(iii) QTY code based partial solubilization of CXCR4 that retains cell function (Zhang’s Lab).280