Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the included studies.
| Reference | Country | Study design | COPD | Lung cancer | Duration or range of follow-up, years | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diagnosis | Sample size | Age (years) | M/F | Diagnosis | Sample size | M/F | ||||
| Sandelin et al.2018 (22) | Swedish | Retrospective cohort | ICD-10-CM code J44 | 19894 | – | 9452/110442 | ICD-10 code C34 | 594 | 291/303 | 1999.1.1-2009.12.31 |
| Ahn et al., 2020 (23) | Korean | Retrospective cohort | ICD-10 codes J43-J44 | 11551 | – | 6172/5379 | ICD-10 codes C33-C34 | 1136 | – | 2004.1.1-2015.12.31 |
| Husebøet al., 2019 (24) | Norway | Prospective cohort | Clinical and Spirometry confirmed | 433 | 63.5 ± 6.9 | 258/175 | Norwegian Cancer Registry | 28 | – | 9 |
| Park et al., 2020 (25) | Korean | Retrospective cohort | ICD-10 codes J43-J44 | 58972 | – | – | ICD-10 code C33 or C34 | 290 | – | 2002.1.1-2013.12.31 |
| Machida et al., 2021 (26) | Japan | Prospective cohort | Spirometry confirmed | 224 | 70.4 ± 8.4 | 214/10 | CT | 19 | 19 | 2014.1-2020.4 |
| Sakai et al., 2020 (27) | Japan | Retrospective cohort | Spirometry confirmed | 198 | 69.7 ± 8.0 | 184/14 | – | 43 | – | 2011.4.1-2015.7.16 |
| Montserrat et al., 2021 (28) | Spain | Retrospective cross-sectional | Spirometry confirmed | 24135 | 72 ± 11 | 18612/5523 | ICD-10 | 552 | – | 2012.1.1-2017.12.31 |
| Jurevičienė et al., 2022 (29) | Lithuanian | Retrospective cross-sectional | ICD-10-AMD J44.8 | 4834 | 67.2 ± 8.4 | 3338/1496 | ICD 10 code C33, C34 | 186 | – | 2012.1.1-2014.6.30 |
| Thomsen et al., 2012 (34) | Denmark | Prospective cohort | ICD8: 490–492; ICD10: J44 | 8656 | 65 (57, 74) | 47%/53% | ICD10 code C34 | 93 | – | 5 |
| Chubachi et al., 2016 (35) | Japan | Prospective cohort | Spirometry confirmed | 311 | 72.3 ± 8.2 | 278/33 | clinical history and medical records | 13 | – | 2 |
| Divo et al., 2012 (13) | USA + Spain | Prospective cohort | Spirometry confirmed | 1659 | 66 ± 9 | 1477/182 | medical record and direct questioning | 151 | – | 1997.11-2010.3 |
| Westerik et al., 2017 (36) | Dutch | Retrospective cohort | ICPC code R95 in the electronic medical record | 14603 | 66.5 ± 11.5 | 7749/6854 | ICPC code R84 | 317 | – | 2012–2013.12.31 |
| Lin et al.2013 (37) | China | Retrospective case-control | ICD-9-CM code 496 | 2630 | – | 2096/534 | cytologically or histologically confirmed | 181 | – | 2006.1.1-2011.12.31 |
| de Torres et al., 2007 (38) | Spain | Prospective cohort | Spirometry confirmed | 1166 | 54 ± 8 | 74% vs 26% | CT and Biopsy | 23 | – | 2000.9-2005.12 |
| Purdue et al., 2007 (39) | Swedish | Retrospective cohort | Spirometry confirmed | 6849 | – | 6849 | ICD-7 codes 162, 163 | 175 | 175 | 1971-2001 |
| Wilson et al., 2008 (40) | USA | Prospective cohort | Spirometry confirmed | 1486 | – | – | medical records and pathology reports | 67 | – | 3.26 |
| Rodríguez et al., 2010 (41) | UK | Prospective cohort | Oxford Medical Information System [OXMIS] and Read codes | 1924 | – | – | Oxford Medical Information System [OXMIS] and Read codes | 48 | – | 1996.1.31-2001 |
| de Torres et al., 2011 (42) | USA + Spain | Prospective cohort | Spirometry confirmed | 2507 | 65 ± 9 | 2307/200 | medical records and pathology reports | 215 | 205/10 | 1997.1-2009.12 |
| Kornum et al., 2012 (43) | Danish | Prospective cohort | ICD-8 codes:491-492; ICD-10 codes: J41-J44 | 236494 | – | 129344/107150 | medical records and pathology reports | 10118 | – | 1980-2008 |
| Shen et al., 2014 (44) | China | Retrospective cohort | ICD-9-CM 491, 492, and 496 | 20730 | 70 | 13291/7439 | ICD-9-CM 162 | 729 | 575/154 | 1998-2011 |
| Hasegawa et al., 2014 (45) | Japan | Retrospective cohort | ICD-10 codes: J41, J42, J43, J44 | 172707 | – | 136632/36075 | ICD-10 codes C34 | 13930 | – | 2010.7.1-2013.3.31 |
| Roberts et al., 2011 (46) | UK | Prospective cohort | ICD10 code J44 and J45/46 (asthma) later confirmed as COPD |
9716 | 73 ± 10 | 4906/4810 | Medical records confirmed by physician | 180 | – | 2008.3-2008.8 |
| Ställberg et al., 2018 (47) | Swedish | Retrospective cohort | ICD-10 code: J44 | 17479 | – | – | ICD-10 code: C34 | 1091 | – | 2000-2014 |
| Mannino et al., 2003 (48) | USA | Prospective cohort | Spirometry confirmed | 5402 | – | 2473/2929 | ICD-9 code: 162 | 113 | – | 1971-1992 |
| Schneider et al., 2010 (49) | UK | Retrospective case-control | OXMIS codes | 35772 | – | 18351/17421 | OXMIS codes | 2585 | 1526/1059 | 1995.1.1-2005.12.31 |
| Greulich et al., 2017 (50) | Germany | Retrospective case-control | ICD-10: J41, J43, J44 | 146141 | 67.2 ± 12.41 | 51%/49% | ICD-10 code not provided | 2663 | – | 2013.1.1-2014.12.31 |
| Jo et al., 2015 (51) | Korean | Retrospective cross-sectional | ICD-10 code: J44 | 744 | 65.0 ± 9.40 | ICD-10 code: C34 | 97 | – | 2010-2012 | |
| Deniz et al., 2016 (52) | Turkey | Retrospective cross-sectional | Spirometry confirmed | 3095 | 71.9 ± 10.5 | 2434/661 | Medical records | 58 | – | 2014.1.1-2014.12.31 |
| Jung et al., 2018 (53) | Korean | Retrospective cross-sectional | ICD 10 code J44 | 15949 | 69 (60, 76) | 9039/6910 | ICD 10 code C34 | 753 | 590/163 | 2011.1-2011.12 |
| Masuda et al., 2017 (54) | Japan | Retrospective cohort | Spirometry confirmed | 920 | – | 651/269 | self-reported and confirmed by a physician | 13 | 10/3 | 2009.4-2010.3 |
| Nishida et al., 2017 (55) | Japan | Retrospective cross-sectional | Spirometry confirmed | 2309 | 69.06 ± 10.53 | 1549/760 | ICD-10 code C34 | 354 | – | 2005.9-2008.12 |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; F: female; M: male; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; -: No mentioned.