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. 2022 Sep 16;15:1005112. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1005112

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Clinical manifestations and postmortem evidence of synaptic dysfunction in ALS and FTD include loss of dendritic spines and branching complexity in cortical regions, cortical hyperexcitability prior to the loss of motor neurons, reduction in essential synaptic proteins such as SV2a, imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory systems, and excess glutamate in patient cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).