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. 2022 Sep 30;13:487. doi: 10.1186/s13287-022-03116-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Exosomes reduced toxicity of neurotoxic astrocytes in vitro. a, b Representative western blot images and quantitative analysis of C3 and Lcn2 gene expression in control astrocytes, mixture (TNFα, IL1β, C1q)-induced astrocytes (neurotoxic astrocytes) and exosomes treated neurotoxic astrocytes. c Representative immunostaining images of GFAP (red)/C3 (green)/Lcn2 (green) and the quantification of the relative immunofluorescence intensity of C3 and Lcn2 in each group. Scale bar = 50 μm. d Representative images and quantitative analysis of neurite length in NGF-stimulated PC12 cells treated with conditioned medium (CM) of primary astrocytes (Control), neurotoxic astrocytes (Mix) and exosomes treated neurotoxic astrocytes (Mix-Exo). Scale bar = 50 μm. e Cell viability of PC12 cells treated with conditioned medium of different groups. Data above are represented as mean ± SD. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. C3, complement c3. Lcn2, lipocalin-2. NGF neuronal growth factor. TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α. IL1β, interleukin 1β. C1q, complement 1q