Table 1.
Comparison of baseline data between survivor and non-survivor groups.
| Parameter | All | Survivors | Non-survivors | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 6,895) | (n = 5,158) | (n = 1,737) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years | 75.13 (64.49–83.07) | 73.19 (62.67–81.82) | 79.54 (70.30–85.55) | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 3,749 (54.37%) | 2,815 (54.58%) | 934 (53.77%) | 0.560 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| White | 5,069 (73.52%) | 3,810 (73.87%) | 1,259 (72.48%) | |
| Black | 490 (7.11%) | 394 (7.64%) | 96 (5.53%) | |
| Others | 1,336 (19.38%) | 954 (18.50%) | 382 (21.99%) | |
| Vital signs | ||||
| HR, beats/minute | 83.82 (74.08–94.57) | 83.42 (74.06–93.71) | 85.32 (74.09–97.08) | <0.001 |
| RR, times/minute | 18.93 (16.59–21.70) | 18.68 (16.44–21.26) | 19.90 (17.14–22.97) | <0.001 |
| MBP, mmHg | 74.46 (68.76–81.49) | 74.92 (69.43–81.72) | 73.00 (66.87–80.30) | <0.001 |
| SpO2, % | 97.37 (95.96–98.52) | 97.39 (96.04–98.55) | 97.31 (95.67–98.44) | 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 77.82 (65.00–92.71) | 79.50 (66.55–94.50) | 73.00 (61.20–87.20) | <0.001 |
| Therapies, n (%) | ||||
| ACEI | 1,993 (28.91%) | 1,666 (32.30%) | 327 (18.83%) | <0.001 |
| ARB | 293 (4.25%) | 252 (4.89%) | 41 (2.36%) | <0.001 |
| β-blocker | 4,362 (63.26%) | 3,433 (66.56%) | 929 (53.48%) | <0.001 |
| Digoxin | 685 (9.93%) | 469 (9.09%) | 216 (12.44%) | <0.001 |
| Furosemide | 4,820 (69.91%) | 3,693 (71.60%) | 1,127 (64.88%) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 2,467 (35.78%) | 2,059 (39.92%) | 408 (23.49%) | <0.001 |
| Dialysis | 594 (8.61%) | 367 (7.12%) | 227 (13.07%) | <0.001 |
| Vasopressor | 1,729 (25.08%) | 1,134 (21.99%) | 595 (34.25%) | <0.001 |
| Ventilation | 2,281 (33.08%) | 1,413 (27.39%) | 868 (49.97%) | <0.001 |
| Assisted circulation | 418 (6.06%) | 299 (5.80%) | 119 (6.85%) | 0.111 |
| Laboratory events | ||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 11.00 (9.70–12.40) | 11.10 (9.70–12.50) | 10.70 (9.50–12.00) | <0.001 |
| WBC, K/μl | 10.20 (7.40–14.00) | 10.10 (7.30–13.60) | 10.70 (7.40–15.50) | <0.001 |
| Platelet, K/μl | 213.00 (158.00–277.00) | 214.00 (161.00–274.00) | 211.00 (145.00–283.00) | 0.063 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 1.20 (0.90–1.70) | 1.10 (0.90–1.60) | 1.30 (0.90–2.10) | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dl | 133.00 (115.20–160.84) | 131.75 (115.65–157.75) | 138.00 (114.00–170.47 | <0.001 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 139.00 (136.00–141.00) | 139.00 (136.00–141.00) | 139.00 (136.00–142.00) | 0.029 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 4.20 (3.80–4.60) | 4.20 (3.80–4.60) | 4.20 (3.80–4.70) | 0.015 |
| INR | 1.40 (1.20–1.80) | 1.40 (1.20–1.70) | 1.50 (1.20–2.00) | <0.001 |
| APTT, second | 31.70 (27.40–40.70) | 31.40 (27.20–40.30) | 32.90 (28.00–41.80) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP, ng/ml | 4.68 (1.78–12.21) | 4.40 (1.69–11.49) | 5.54 (2.06–14.52) | <0.001 |
| cTnT, ng/mL | 0.14 (0.04–0.55) | 0.15 (0.04–0.56) | 0.13 (0.04–0.49) | 0.049 |
| CI, L/min/m2 | 2.15 (1.41–2.99) | 2.16 (1.42–3.00) | 2.09 (1.35–2.96) | 0.041 |
| Urine output, L | 1.61 (0.96–2.52) | 1.78 (1.11–2.68) | 1.15 (0.67–1.91) | <0.001 |
| Scores | ||||
| SOFA | 5.00 (3.00–7.00) | 4.00 (2.00–6.00) | 6.00 (4.00–8.00) | <0.001 |
| SAPSII | 39.00 (31.00–48.00) | 37.00 (30.00–45.00) | 46.00 (38.00–55.00) | <0.001 |
| Length of ICU stays, h | 77.00 (46.00–148.00) | 73.00 (45.00–132.00) | 104.00 (54.00–202.00) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 1,297 (18.81%) | 947 (18.36%) | 350 (20.15%) | 0.099 |
| Hyperlipemia | 2,134 (30.95%) | 1,754 (34.01%) | 380 (21.88%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2,459 (35.66%) | 1,910 (37.03%) | 549 (31.61%) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3,190 (46.27%) | 2,285 (44.30%) | 905 (52.10%) | <0.001 |
| AMI | 563 (8.17%) | 425 (8.24%) | 138 (7.94%) | 0.698 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| VHD | 618 (8.96%) | 402 (7.79%) | 216 (12.44%) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary circulation | 375 (5.44%) | 246 (4.77%) | 129 (7.43%) | <0.001 |
| Pneumonia | 1,517 (22.00%) | 858 (26.60%) | 492 (35.65%) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 282 (4.09%) | 184 (3.57%) | 98 (5.64%) | <0.001 |
| Liver diseases | 283 (4.10%) | 179 (3.47%) | 104 (5.99%) | <0.001 |
| Renal failure | 1,556 (22.57%) | 1,102 (21.36%) | 454 (26.14%) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 384 (5.57%) | 235 (4.56%) | 149 (8.58%) | <0.001 |
| Malignancy | 319 (4.63%) | 170 (3.30%) | 149 (8.58%) | <0.001 |
| Treatment for coagulopathy | ||||
| Transfusion of FFP | 769 (11.2%) | 516 (10.00%) | 253 (14.57%) | <0.001 |
| Transfusion of platelet | 377 (5.5%) | 272 (5.27%) | 105 (6.04%) | 0.2210 |
| Warfarin | 430 (6.2%) | 374 (7.25%) | 56 (3.22%) | <0.001 |
| Heparin | 1,577 (22.87%) | 1,192 (23.11%) | 385 (22.16%) | 0.0542 |
HR, heart rate; RR, respiratory rate; MBP, mean arterial pressure; SpO2, percutaneous oxygen saturation; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; WBC, white blood cell; INR, international normalized ratio; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; cTnT, troponin T; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; CI, cardiac index; SOFA, the sequential organ failure assessment; SAPSII, the simplified acute physiology score II; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; VHD, valvular heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FFP, fresh frozen plasma.