TABLE 1.

Characteristics of CRISPR-based biosensors for molecular diagnosis.

System name	Effector	Preamplification	Readout	Sensitivity	Applications	Ref
NASBACC	Cas9	NASBA	Colorimetry	6.0 × 105 copies/ml	Discrimination of different strains of Zika virus	Pardee et al. (2016)
—	Cas9	SDA and RCA	Colorimetry	2 pM (naked eyes)	Detection of the Phytophthora infestans genomic DNA	Chang et al. (2019)
—	dCas9	—	Colorimetry	NS	Detection of SARS-CoV-2, pH1N1, and pH1N1/H275Y viruses	Moon et al. (2020)
PC	dCas9	—	Fluorescence	5 × 10−5 nmol/ml	Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA	Zhang et al. (2017)
CHP	Cas9	SDA and RCA	Fluorescence	aM	Detection of mutations in serum samples	Wang et al. (2021)
CRISPR-Chip	Cas9	—	Electrochemical	1.7 fM	Detection of gDNA from cell lines	Hajian et al. (2019)
—	Cas9	PER	Electrochemical	5 nM	Detection of SARS-CoV-2	Dai et al. (2020)
dCas9-ECL	dCas9	PCR	ECL	0.1 pg/μl	Detection of genome of Listeria monocytogenes and DNA in complex samples (e.g., milk and cell extracts)	Wu et al. (2022a)
DETECTR	Cas12a	RPA	Fluorescence	aM	Detection of HPV16 and HPV18 in human samples	Chen et al. (2018)
Cas12aVDet	Cas12a	RPA	Fluorescence	10 aM	Detection of mycoplasma	Wang et al. (2019)
HOLMES	Cas12a	PCR	Fluorescence	10 aM	Discrimination of SNP in human genotypes	Li et al. (2018a); Li et al. (2018b)
HOLMESv2	Cas12b	LAMP	Fluorescence	10 aM	Discrimination of SNP, detection of RNA and DNA methylation	Li et al. (2019)
STOPCovid	Cas12b	LAMP	Fluorescence or lateral flow	3.3 aM	Detection of SARS-CoV-2	Joung et al. (2020)
iSCANv2	Cas12b	RPA	Fluorescence	8 copies/µl	Detection of SARS-CoV-2	Aman et al. (2022)
—	Cas12a	BIIA	ECL	2.8 pM	Detection of RABV	Liu et al. (2022a)
—	Cas12f	—	Fluorescence	500 pM	—	Wu et al. (2022b)
DIRECT2	Cas12	PCR	Lateral flow	0.5 nM	Detection of the genome of Dickeya solani	Bhatt et al. (2022)
CLEVER	Cas12	LAMP	Lateral flow	NS	Detection of SARS-CoV-2	Bhatt et al. (2022)
SHERLOCK	Cas13	NASBA or RPA	Fluorescence	2 aM	Detection of viruses (ZIKV, DENV), bacteria, and SNPs; discrimination of virus strains	Gootenberg et al. (2017)
SHERLOCKv2	Cas13	RPA	Fluorescence and lateral flow	4.8 copies/ml	Detection of viruses (ZIKV, DENV), bacteria, and SNPs; discrimination of virus strains	Gootenberg et al. (2018)
HUDSON+
SHERLOCK	Cas13a	RPA	Colorimetry	2 aM	Detection of viruses (ZIKV, DENV), bacteria and SNPs; discrimination of virus strains	Myhrvold et al. (2018)
SHINE	Cas13a	RPA	Colorimetry	10 copies/µl	Detection of SARS-CoV-2	Arizti-Sanz et al. (2020)
CREST	Cas13	PCR	Fluorescence	200 copies/µl	Detection of SARS-CoV-2	Rauch et al. (2021)
SENSR	Cas13d	RPA	Fluorescence and lateral flow	100 copies/µl	Detection of SARS-CoV-2	Brogan et al. (2020)
CARMEN	Cas13a	PCR or RPA	Fluorescence	0.9 aM	Detection of 169 viruses	Ackerman et al. (2020)
Ultralocalized Cas13a Assay	Cas13a	—	Fluorescence	0.1 fg/μl	Precisely counting microRNAs, 16S rRNAs, and SARS-CoV-2 RNA	Tian et al. (2021)
CASCADE	Cas13a	RPA or NASBA	Colorimetry	40 aM	Detection of SARS-CoV-2	López-Valls et al. (2022)
ECS-CRISPR	Cas13a	RPA	Fluorescence	3 copies/µl	Detection of ASFV	Hu et al. (2022a)
—	Cas13a	—	Electrochemical	4.4 × 10−2 fg/ml	Detection of SARS-CoV-2	Heo et al. (2022)
Cas14-DETECTR	Cas14	PCR	Fluorescence	6.0 × 103 copies/ml	Detection of SNPs in human samples	Harrington et al. (2018)
—	Cas12a & Cas13a	RPA	Fluorescence	8 copies/µl	Dual-gene detection of SARS-CoV-2 (O and N gene) and ASFV	Tian et al. (2022)
Cas13a-gFET	Cas13a	—	Electrochemical	1 aM	Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus	Li et al. (2022d)

NS, not specified.