Table 2.
Showing an Unadjusted Relationship Analysis Between Adolescent and Parental Characteristics and HPV Vaccination
| Variable | n=250 | % | HPV Vaccination Status | cPR (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaccinated (2 HPV Doses), N = 55 | Vaccinated (Single or no HPV Doses), N = 195 | |||||
| Adolescent characteristics | ||||||
| Sexually active | ||||||
| Yes | 41 | 16.4 | 9 (22.0%) | 32 (78.0%) | 0.997 (0.531–1.875) | 0.993 |
| No | 209 | 83.6 | 46 (22.0%) | 163 (78.0%) | 1.000 | |
| Adolescents received all childhood vaccines | ||||||
| Yes | 209 | 83.6 | 45 (21.5%) | 164 (78.5%) | 0.883 (0.486–1.605) | 0.683 |
| No | 41 | 16.4 | 10 (24.4%) | 31 (75.6%) | 1.000 | |
| Aware of HPV | ||||||
| Yes | 58 | 23.2 | 11 (19.0%) | 47 (81.0%) | 0.828 (0.458–1.496) | 0.531 |
| No | 192 | 76.8 | 44 (22.9%) | 148 (77.1%) | 1.000 | |
| Aware of the existence of the HPV vaccine | ||||||
| Yes | 66 | 26.4 | 17 (25.8%) | 49 (74.2%) | 1.247 (0.758–2.052) | 0.385 |
| No | 184 | 73.6 | 38 (20.7%) | 146 (79.3%) | 1.000 | |
| Current age | ||||||
| 15 Years | 108 | 43.2 | 20 (18.5%) | 88 (81.5%) | 0.920 (0.575–1.472) | 0.728 |
| 16 years | 142 | 56.8 | 35 (24.6%) | 107 (75.4%) | 1.000 | |
| Still in school | ||||||
| Yes | 195 | 78.0 | 5 (20.8%) | 19 (79.2%) | 1.442 (0.754–2.758) | 0.269 |
| No | 55 | 22.0 | 46 (23.6%) | 149 (76.4%) | 1.000 | |
| School-level | ||||||
| Primary | 24 | 12.3 | 5 (20.8%) | 19 (79.2%) | 0.869 (0.381–1.981) | 0.738 |
| Secondary | 171 | 87.7 | 41 (24.0%) | 130 (76.0%) | 1.000 | |
| Religious affiliation | ||||||
| Christian | 204 | 81.6 | 45 (22.1%) | 159 (77.9%) | 1.015 (0.554–1.860) | 0.962 |
| Muslim | 46 | 18.4 | 10 (21.7%) | 36 (78.3%) | 1.000 | |
| Tribe belonged to | ||||||
| Acholi | 207 | 82.8 | 46 (22.2%) | 161 (77.8%) | 1.062 (0.563–2.002) | 0.853 |
| Not Acholi | 43 | 17.2 | 9 (20.9%) | 34 (79.1%) | 1.000 | |
| Parental characteristics | ||||||
| Heard about the HPV vaccination program | ||||||
| Yes | 174 | 69.6 | 35 (20.1%) | 139 (79.9%) | 1.036 (0.970–1.106) | 0.297 |
| No | 76 | 30.4 | 20 (26.3%) | 56 (73.7%) | 1.000 | |
| HPV vaccination is regarded as safe for adolescent girls | ||||||
| Yes | 97 | 38.8 | 20 (20.6%) | 77 (79.4%) | 1.013 (0.955–1.074) | 0.672 |
| No | 153 | 61.2 | 35 (22.9% | 118 (77.1%) | 1.000 | |
| The general view about childhood vaccination | ||||||
| It is important | 195 | 78.0 | 44 (22.6%) | 151 (77.4%) | n.a | |
| Not all vaccinations are important | 50 | 20.0 | 11 (22.0%) | 39 (78.0%) | ||
| The vaccinations are too many | 5 | 2.0 | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (100.0%) | ||
| Had any intentions to vaccinate their daughter for HPV before she made 14 years | ||||||
| Yes | 43 | 17.2 | 9 (20.9%) | 34 (79.1%) | 1.007 (0.934–1.086) | 0.850 |
| No | 207 | 82.8 | 46 (22.2%) | 161 (77.8%) | 1.000 | |
| Heard about HPV | ||||||
| Yes | 76 | 30.4 | 19 (25.0%) | 57 (75.0%) | 0.976 (0.915–1.041) | 0.463 |
| No | 174 | 69.6 | 36 (20.7%) | 138 (79.3%) | 1.000 | |
| Ever screened for cervical cancer (Females) | ||||||
| Yes | 46 | 20.4 | 12 (26.1%) | 34 (73.9%) | 0.969 (0.895–1.050) | 0.443 |
| No | 180 | 79.6 | 37 (20.6%) | 143 (79.4%) | 1.000 | |
| Adolescent stays with both parents | ||||||
| Yes | 206 | 82.4 | 43 (20.9%) | 163 (79.1%) | 1.037 (0.955–1.126) | 0.386 |
| No | 44 | 17.6 | 12 (27.3%) | 32 (72.7%) | 1.000 | |
| Parents stayed with | ||||||
| Mother only | 21 | 47.7 | 7 (33.3%) | 14 (66.7%) | n.a | n.a |
| Father only | 17 | 38.6 | 4 (23.5%) | 13 (76.5%) | ||
| Relatives | 5 | 11.4 | 1 (20.0%) | 4 (80.0%) | ||
| Friends | 1 | 2.3 | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (100.0%) | ||
| Father involvement in daughter affairs | ||||||
| Yes | 62 | 24.8 | 13 (21.0%) | 49 (79.0%) | 0.955 (0.861 −1.059) | 0.381 |
| No | 172 | 68.8 | 40 (23.3%) | 132 (76.7%) | 0.943 (0.858 −1.035) | 0.216 |
| Not sure | 16 | 6.4 | 2 (12.5%) | 14 (87.5%) | 1.000 | |
| The extent of paternal involvement | ||||||
| To a large extent | 21 | 33.9 | 2 (9.5%) | 19 (90.5%) | 1.103 (0.934–1.302) | 0.248 |
| To some extent | 30 | 48.4 | 8 (26.7%) | 22 (73.3%) | 1.004 (0.840–1.199) | 0.969 |
| To a small extent | 11 | 17.7 | 3 (27.3%) | 8 (72.7%) | 1.000 | |
| Fear of side effects of vaccines | ||||||
| Yes | 182 | 72.8 | 41 (22.5%) | 141 (77.5%) | 0.989 (0.928–1.054) | 0.738 |
| No | 68 | 27.2 | 14 (20.6%) | 54 (79.4%) | 1.000 | |
| Worried about the safety of the HPV vaccine | ||||||
| Yes | 182 | 72.8 | 41 (22.5%) | 141 (77.5%) | 0.989 (0.928–1.054) | 0.738 |
| No | 68 | 27.2 | 14 (20.6%) | 54 (79.4%) | 1.000 | |
| Adolescents have ever been refused to be vaccinated, by parents or guardian | ||||||
| Yes | 38 | 15.2 | 9 (23.7%) | 29 (76.3%) | 1.092 (0.584–2.040) | 0.784 |
| No | 212 | 84.8 | 46 (21.7%) | 166 (78.3%) | 1.000 | |
| Daughter at risk of cervical cancer in case she does not get vaccinated | ||||||
| Yes | 161 | 64.4 | 36 (22.4%) | 125 (77.6%) | 0.994 (0.937–1.056) | 0.852 |
| No | 89 | 35.6 | 19 (21.3%) | 70 (78.7%) | 1.000 | |
| Kind of parenthood to the daughter | ||||||
| Authoritarian | 182 | 72.8 | 37 (20.3%) | 145 (79.7%) | 1.035 (0.967–1.109) | 0.321 |
| Permissive | 68 | 27.2 | 18 (26.5%) | 50 (73.5%) | 1.000 | |
| Daughter health decision-maker | ||||||
| One of the parents | 140 | 56.0 | 39 (27.9%) | 101 (72.1%) | 0.984 (0.769–1.258) | 0.896 |
| Both parents | 87 | 34.8 | 11 (12.6%) | 76 (87.4% | 1.071 (0.838–1.368) | 0.586 |
| The entire family | 19 | 7.6 | 4 (21.1%) | 15 (78.9%) | 1.023 (0.786–1.330) | 0.868 |
| The adolescent herself | 4 | 1.6 | 1 (25.0%) | 3 (75.0%) | 1.000 | |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 24 | 9.6 | 5 (20.8%) | 19 (79.2%) | 1.007 (0.910–1.108) | 0.882 |
| Female | 226 | 90.4 | 50 (22.1%) | 176 (77.9%) | 1.000 | |
| Age | ||||||
| 18 to 30 years | 23 | 9.2 | 2 (8.7%) | 21 (91.3%) | 0.330 (0.072–1.516) | 0.154 |
| 31 to 42 years | 83 | 33.2 | 18 (21.7%) | 65 (78.3%) | 0.824 (0.350–1.940) | 0.658 |
| 42 to 54 years | 125 | 50.0 | 30 (24.0%) | 95 (76.0%) | 0.912 (0.404–2.059) | 0.825 |
| More than 54 years | 19 | 7.6 | 5 (26.3%) | 14 (73.7%) | 1.000 | |
| Receive any formal education | ||||||
| Yes | 231 | 92.4 | 51 (22.1%) | 180 (77.9%) | 0.994 (0.894–1.106) | 0.916 |
| No | 19 | 7.6 | 4 (21.1%) | 15 (78.9%) | 1.000 | |
| School-level | ||||||
| Primary | 84 | 36.4 | 19 (22.6%) | 65 (77.4%) | 0.985 (0.871 −1.115) | 0.816 |
| Secondary | 132 | 57.1 | 29 (22.0%) | 103 (78.0%) | 0.989 (0.878–1.114) | 0.856 |
| Post-secondary | 15 | 6.5 | 3 (20.0%) | 12 (80.0%) | 1.000 | |
| Relationship with the adolescent | ||||||
| Father | 24 | 9.6 | 11 (25.0%) | 33 (75.0%) | 1.050 (0.418–2.636) | 0.917 |
| Mother | 183 | 73.2 | 34 (20.9%) | 129 (79.1%) | 0.876 (0.385 −1.992) | 0.752 |
| Guardian | 19 | 7.6 | 4 (21.1%) | 15 (78.9%) | 0.884 (0.277–2.818) | 0.835 |
| Auntie | 3 | 1.2 | 1 (33.3%) | 2 (66.7%) | 1.400 (0.238–8.250) | 0.710 |
| Grand parent | 21 | 8.4 | 5 (23.8%) | 16 (76.2%) | 1.000 | |
| Current marital status | ||||||
| Married | 170 | 68.0 | 33 (19.4%) | 137 (80.6%) | 0.946 (0.881–1.016) | 0.125 |
| Single | 58 | 23.2 | 20 (34.5%) | 38 (65.5%) | 0.867 (0.787–0.955) | 0.004* |
| Separated | 22 | 8.8 | 2 (9.1%) | 20 (90.9%) | 1.000 | |
| Institutional characteristics | ||||||
| Received advice from any health workers about getting daughter vaccinated for HPV | ||||||
| Yes | 100 | 40.0 | 27 (27.0%) | 73 (73.0%) | 1.446 (0.909–2.301) | 0.119 |
| No | 150 | 60.0 | 28 (18.7%) | 122 (81.3%) | 1.000 | |
| Community sensitization about the need for HPV vaccination | ||||||
| Yes | 136 | 54.4 | 28 (20.6%) | 108 (79.4%) | 1.018 (0.960–1.079) | 0.558 |
| No | 114 | 45.6 | 27 (23.7%) | 87 (76.3%) | 1.000 | |
| Been made aware of the availability of the HPV vaccines at health facilities | ||||||
| Yes | 111 | 44.4 | 30 (27.0%) | 81 (73.0%) | 0.950 (0.896–1.008) | 0.092 |
| No | 139 | 55.6 | 25 (18.0%) | 114 (82.0%) | 1.000 | |
| Community provision of HPV vaccination services by HCWs | ||||||
| Yes | 46 | 18.4 | 9 (19.6%) | 37 (80.4%) | 1.017 (0.947–1.092) | 0.647 |
| No | 204 | 81.6 | 46 (22.5%) | 158 (77.5%) | 1.000 | |
| Provision of HPV vaccination services at daughter’s school, by any organization | ||||||
| Yes | 47 | 18.8 | 9 (19.1%) | 38 (80.9%) | 0.806 (0.398–1.634) | 0.550 |
| No | 123 | 49.2 | 27 (22.0%) | 96 (78.0%) | 0.924 (0.552–1.547) | 0.764 |
| Not sure | 80 | 32.0 | 19 (23.8%) | 61 (76.3%) | 1.000 | |
| Vaccination services are provided for free in this district | ||||||
| Yes | 192 | 76.8 | 44 (22.9%) | 148 (77.1%) | 1.054 (0.465–2.388) | 0.899 |
| No | 35 | 14.0 | 6 (17.1%) | 29 (82.9%) | 0.789 (0.272–2.285) | 0.662 |
| Not sure | 23 | 9.2 | 5 (21.7%) | 18 (78.3%) | 1.000 | |
| Cost of HPV in district | ||||||
| More than 10,000 | 21 | 8.4 | 4 (19.0%) | 17 (81.0%) | 1.027 (0.894–1.180) | 0.707 |
| Less than 10,000 | 131 | 52.4 | 29 (22.1%) | 102 (77.9%) | 1.009 (0.904–1.128) | 0.867 |
| Its free | 77 | 30.8 | 17 (22.1%) | 60 (77.9%) | 1.010 (0.899–1.134) | 0.868 |
| Not sure | 21 | 8.4 | 5 (23.8%) | 16 (76.2%) | 1.000 | |
Notes: n.a: represents no inferential analysis done for that particular variable, because of having a null integer in its cross tabulation. Variables indicated with * showed a statistically significant association.