Table 2.

Effects of Qigong training on sleep quality, anxiety and depression.

		Pre-intervention		Post-intervention		Group			Time			Group × Time
		EG	CG	EG	CG	F (1.115)	P value	η 2	F (1.115)	P value	η 2	F (1.115)	P value	η 2
PSQI	Sleep quality	1.07 ± 1.03	1.37 ± 0.84	0.84 ± 0.96	1.45 ± 0.79	7.866	.006	0.064	2.3000	.132	0.020	10.646	.001	0.085
	Sleep latency	1.25 ± 1.20	1.45 ± 1.24	0.95 ± 0.99	1.57 ± 1.21	4.225	.042	0.035	1.287	.259	0.011	6.720	.011	0.055
	Sleep duration	0.88 ± 0.89	0.82 ± 0.91	0.51 ± 0.57	0.93 ± 0.84	1.722	.192	0.015	4.490	.036	0.038	16.671	.000	0.127
	Sleep efficiency	0.61 ± 0.77	0.72 ± 1.03	0.37 ± 0.62	0.90 ± 0.78	5.849	.017	0.048	0.177	.674	0.002	8.410	.004	0.068
	Sleep disturbances	1.35 ± 0.48	1.37 ± 0.49	1.07 ± 0.26	1.43 ± 0.50	6.946	.010	0.057	7.250	.008	0.059	19.095	.000	0.142
	Use of sleeping medication	1.30 ± 1.27	1.52 ± 1.07	1.12 ± 1.18	1.47 ± 1.11	1.823	.180	0.016	5.162	.025	0.430	1.598	.209	0.014
	Daytime dysfunction	1.11 ± 0.75	1.32 ± 0.60	1.04 ± 0.78	1.28 ± 0.69	3.362	.069	0.028	2.040	.156	0.017	0.258	.612	0.002
	Total score	7.56 ± 4.56	8.55 ± 3.31	5.89 ± 3.74	9.03 ± 3.36	9.325	.003	0.075	12.269	.001	0.096	40.502	.000	0.260
HADS	Anxiety	6.84 ± 3.81	8.22 ± 4.81	5.68 ± 3.53	8.83 ± 4.83	9.093	.003	0.073	1.052	.357	0.009	11.312	.001	0.090
	Depression	8.53 ± 3.52	9.57 ± 3.24	7.70 ± 3.23	10.07 ± 3.16	9.095	.003	0.073	0.518	.473	0.004	8.632	.004	0.070

Data are presented as mean and standard deviation.

CG = control group, EG = experimental group, HADS = hospital anxiety and depression scale, PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale.