Table 4.

The measured variables of L group and H group.

Variables	ZBI		P value
	L group, ZBI < 24 (n = 101, 74.8%)	H group, ZBI ≥ 24 (n = 34, 25.2%)
ZBI	10.7 ± 6.8	39.4 ± 11.6	.000**
NRS	6.0 ± 2.1	6.8 ± 1.8	.042*
PCS	37.3 ± 9.5	40.6 ± 6.9	.077
HADS anxiety	8.5 ± 4.3	9.9 ± 3.9	.089
HADS depression	9.3 ± 4.5	11.0 ± 4.6	.044
AIS	9.1 ± 4.9	10.6 ± 5.9	.208
PDAS	28.5 ± 13.0	32.5 ± 14.2	.14
PSEQ	21.6 ± 13.5	15.6 ± 12.9	.027*

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviations.

AIS = Athens insomnia scale, HADS = hospital anxiety and depression scale, NRS = numeric rating scale, PCS = pain catastrophizing scale, PDAS = pain disability assessment scale, PSEQ = pain self-efficacy questionnaire, ZBI = Zarit burden interview.

P values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test. Asterisks indicate statistical significance:

^*P < .05,

^**P < .01.