Table 4.

Comparison of upper trapezius tone, stiffness, and elasticity within and between groups.

Variables		Resistance training group (n = 21)	Trapezius massage group (n = 20)	Difference (post-pre)		95% CI	t	P ‡
				Resistance training group	Trapezius massage group
Tone (right, Hz)	Pre	14.07 (1.49)	13.83 (1.35)	1.01 (0.60)	0.44 (0.37)	0.25–0.89	3.60	.00*
	Post	13.06 (1.19)	13.38 (1.33)
	t	7.68	5.33
	P †	0.00*	0.00*
Tone (left, Hz)	Pre	14.39 (1.78)	14.17 (1.81)	1.33 (1.05)	0.70 (0.70)	0.06–1.20	2.24	.03*
	Post	13.06 (1.19)	13.47 (1.41)
	t	5.81	4.49
	P †	0.00*	0.00*
Stiffness (right, N/m)	Pre	231.86 (42.27)	225.20 (38.04)	32.00 (22.98)	15.05 (12.81)	5.11–28.79	2.90	.01*
	Post	199.86 (44.26)	210.15 (39.21)
	t	6.38	5.25
	P †	0.00*	0.00*
Stiffness (left, N/m)	Pre	230.14 (42.70)	228.30 (39.07)	32.24 (22.53)	14.90 (12.45)	5.75–28.92	3.03	.00*
	Post	197.90 (44.22)	213.40 (37.28)
	t	6.56	5.35
	P †	0.00*	0.00*
Elasticity (right, D Log)	Pre	1.32 (0.36)	1.29 (0.39)	0.22 (0.23)	0.12 (0.16)	−0.03 to 0.22	1.49	.14
	Post	1.10 (0.21)	1.17 (0.26)
	t	4.25	3.51
	P †	0.00*	0.00*
Elasticity (left, D Log)	Pre	1.32 (0.35)	1.28 (0.33)	0.22 (0.22)	0.12 (0.15)	−0.02 to 0.22	1.66	.11
	Post	1.10 (0.21)	1.16 (0.20)
	t	4.53	3.56
	P †	0.00*	0.00*

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

CI = confidence interval.

^†Paired t test.

^‡Independent t test.

^*P < .05.