Table 3.
Perioperative outcomes of matched populations.
| Characteristic | RATS (N = 97) | VATS (N = 97) | OL (N = 97) | p Value | RATS vs VATS b | RATS vs OL b | VATS vs OL b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resection margins a , n (%) | 0.608 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 | |||
| R0 | 89 (91.75%) | 88 (90.72%) | 84 (86.60%) | ||||
| R1 | 8 (8.25%) | 9 (9.28%) | 12 (12.37%) | ||||
| R2 | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (1.03%) | ||||
| Reoperation, n (%) | 1 (1.03%) | 3 (3.09%) | 4 (4.12%) | 0.543 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
| Operation duration (min), mean ± SD | 100.85 ± 29.06 | 113.75 ± 33.40 | 112.76 ± 22.85 | <0.001 | 0.009 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
| Blood loss (mL), n (%) | <0.001 | <0.050 | <0.050 | <0.050 | |||
| <100 | 72 (74.23%) | 54 (55.67%) | 35 (36.08%) | ||||
| ≥100 | 25 (25.77%) | 43 (44.33%) | 62 (63.92%) | ||||
| Intraoperative blood transfusion, n (%) | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (2.06%) | 3 (3.09%) | 0.377 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
| Conversion to thoracotomy, n (%) | 1 (1.03%) | 4 (4.12%) | – | 0.184 | – | – | – |
| ICU stay (days), median [IQR] | 0[0-1] | 1[0-1] | 1[0-1] | 0.004 | 1.000 | 0.005 | 0.036 |
| Chest tube drainage, median [IQR] | |||||||
| Duration (days) | 4[3-6] | 5[4-6] | 5[5-7] | <0.001 | 0.106 | <0.001 | 0.095 |
| Volume (mL) | 800[580-1020] | 820[650-1100] | 800[650-1130] | 0.061 | 0.464 | 0.052 | 0.459 |
| Postoperative stay (days), median [IQR] | 5[4-6] | 5[4-7] | 6[5-8] | <0.001 | 0.829 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Overall costs (USD$), mean ± SD | 14838.26 ± 2841.65 | 13190.51 ± 2120.18 | 13429.58 ± 2582.36 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 1.000 |
| Postoperative complications, n (%) | 30 (30.93%) | 40 (41.24%) | 54 (55.67%) | 0.002 | >0.050 | <0.050 | >0.050 |
| Pneumonia requiring antibiotics | 7 (7.22%) | 21 (21.65%) | 34 (35.05%) | <0.001 | <0.050 | <0.050 | >0.050 |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 2 (2.06%) | 3 (3.09%) | 2 (2.06%) | 1.000 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (2.06%) | 0.331 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
| Prolonged air leak >5 days | 18 (18.56%) | 17 (17.53%) | 25 (25.77%) | 0.302 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
| Subcutaneous emphysema | 12 (12.37%) | 10 (10.31%) | 13 (13.40%) | 0.797 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
| Bronchopleural fistula | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (2.06%) | 2 (2.06%) | 0.551 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
| Hemorrhage requiring intervention | 0 (0.00%) | 3 (3.09%) | 3 (3.09%) | 0.253 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
| Chylothorax | 2 (2.06%) | 2 (2.06%) | 2 (2.06%) | 1.000 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
| Pyothorax | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (2.06%) | 3 (3.09%) | 0.377 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
| Chest tube reinsertion | 1 (1.03%) | 3 (3.09%) | 4 (4.12%) | 0.543 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2 (2.06%) | 2 (2.06%) | 3 (3.09%) | 1.000 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
| Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (1.03%) | 1 (1.03%) | 1.000 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
| Wound infection | 1 (1.03%) | 2 (2.06%) | 4 (4.12%) | 0.512 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
| In-hospital mortality | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | – | – | – | – |
| 30 d mortality | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | – | – | – | – |
| Readmission | 1 (1.03%) | 2 (2.06%) | 4 (4.12%) | 0.512 | >0.050 | >0.050 | >0.050 |
a
Resection margins: R0, no residual tumor; R1, residual microscopic tumor and/or positive upper paratracheal (#2) LN; R2, residual macroscopic tumor.
b
adjusted p value of multiple comparisons between every two groups. RATS, robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; OL, open lobectomy; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range.