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. 2022 Sep 16;12:1000957. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1000957

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Copyright © 2022 Pilankar, Singhavi, Raghuram, Siddiqui, Khare, Jadhav, Tandel, Pal, Bhattacharjee, Chaturvedi and Mittra

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Graphical illustration of the mechanistic steps involved in oxygen radical induced down-regulation of cancer hallmarks. (A) cfChPs released from dying cancer cells induce DNA damage and inflammation, and up-regulate cancer hallmarks in surviving cancer cells. (B) Oxygen radicals generated upon oral ingestion of R-Cu are systemically absorbed from the stomach to reach TME leading to eradication of extra-cellular cfChPs and down-regulation of cancer hallmarks in surviving cells. Oxygen radicals also enter into the surviving cancer cells; but their cellular entry leads to activation of intracellular anti-oxidant enzymes which detoxify and eliminate the offending agents. SOD, superoxide dismutase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; TME, tumour microenvironment.