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. 2022 Aug 13;96(11):2967–2981. doi: 10.1007/s00204-022-03361-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Plasma albumin concentrations in albumin knockout mice compared to patients with chronic liver diseases. A Albumin concentrations in wild-type, heterozygous (albumin ±), and homozygous (albumin −/−) mice. Data are means and standard errors of 6 mice per group. ***p value ≤ 0.001 compared to wild-type mice using Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. B Albumin immunostaining in wild-type and albumin knockout mice; Scale bars: 10 µm; PV: portal vein; CV: central vein. C–F Serum albumin levels in albumin knockout mice in relation to patients with advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD). C Cohort of 663 patients with advanced chronic liver disease. The green bar indicates the normal range of 35–55 g/L. D Normalized serum albumin of the same cohort, whereby 45 g/L were considered as 100%. The red vertical bars show normalized serum albumin of the homozygous, heterozygous, and wild-type mice (solid line: mean; dashed line: standard deviation of the mice shown in A). E and F show corresponding analyses of a second previously published study with serum albumin data of 168 patients with advanced chronic liver disease (colour figure online)