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. 2022 Sep 30;12:16396. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-20657-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic presentation of the overall experimental design outlining the exposure regimen and endpoints. ALI: air–liquid interface; alv-ALI: alveolar mucosa model at ALI; bro-ALI: bronchial mucosa model at ALI; h: hours; H441: NCI-H441 (ATCC HTB-174) cell line; HTP: heated tobacco product; IFNγ: interferon gamma; IL: interleukin; IQOS: I quit ordinary smoking; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; MDA: malondialdehyde; NFkB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; PARP: cleaved poly [ADP-Ribose] polymerase; PBEC: human primary bronchial epithelial cells; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor alpha; γH2AX: phosphorylated histone H2AX.