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. 2022 Sep 30;13:5756. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33473-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a–f Mean sensitivity coefficients for soil moisture (SM)→precipitation minus evapotranspiration (P-E), SM→P, and SM→E identified based on historical and SSP585 simulations (1980–2100) of the five CMIP6 models which participate in the LFMIP-pdLC experiment. g–l The same as (a–f), but for mean sensitivity coefficients from reanalysis products ERA5 (1979–2019) and MERRA-2 (1980–2019) (d–f). The sensitivity coefficient for X→Y denotes the partial derivative of Y in the wet/dry seasons to X in the prior month. In each model/reanalysis product, the seasonal cycles and long-term trends in X and Y are removed and the remaining variations of X and Y are standardized in the wet and dry seasons individually. Stippling denotes regions where the sensitivity coefficient is significant at the 95% level according to a bootstrap test and the sign of the sensitivity coefficient is consistent with the sign of multi-model means (as shown in the figure) in all models/reanalysis products.