Fig. 5. Mechanisms of the soil moisture effects on water availability in the wet and dry seasons.

a–f Soil moisture (SM) effects on changes in precipitation, evapotranspiration, moisture convergence, and the thermodynamic, dynamic, and nonlinear terms of moisture convergence between 1980–2000 and 2080–2100 in enhanced seasonality (ES) regions and reduced seasonality (RS) regions shown in Fig. 3c. The SM effect is assessed as the five-model mean difference between CMIP6 and LFMIP-pdLC (similar to Fig. 3g–i). g, h SM effects on negative pressure velocity (−$△\omega$) over ES and RS regions. The error bars in a–f and the shading in g, h show the standard deviation of each variable across the five models. The upward and downward arrows in g, h show vertical ascent and descent, respectively.