Table 4.
Bivariate and multivariable analyses for factors associated with S. pneumoniae colonization among old-aged patients attending Sheik Hassan Yebere Referral and Karamara General Hospitals Jigjiga, Ethiopia, 2020 (N = 188).
| Variables | Category | S. pneumonia | Bivariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive n (%) | Negative n (%) | COR(95% CI) | P value | AOR(95% CI) | P value | ||
| Educational status | Illiterate | 14 (12.6%) | 97 (87.4%) | 0.7 (0.2–2.2) | 0.49 | 0.7 (0.2–2.6) | 0.61 |
| Primary | 8 (14.6%) | 47 (85.5%) | 0.8 (0.2–2.9) | 0.69 | 0.9 (0.2–3.5) | 0.83 | |
| Secondary and above | 4 (18.2%) | 18 (81.8%) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| BMI | Under weight | 10 (30.3%) | 23 (69.7%) | 3.04 (1.1–8.2) | 0.03 | 2.9 (0.9–8.9) | 0.05 |
| Over weight | 7 (17.1%) | 34 (82.9%) | 1.5 (0.5–4.4) | 0.4 | 2.0 (0.6–6.3) | 0.23 | |
| Normal | 9 (7.9%) | 105 (92.1%) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Smoking | Yes | 13 (25.5%) | 38 (74.5%) | 3.26 (1.3–7.6) | 0.01 | 3.4 (1.3–8.5)∗ | 0.01 |
| No | 13 (9.5%) | 124 (90.5%) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Contact with pets | Yes | 12 (19.4%) | 50 (80.6%) | 1.9 (0.8–4.45) | 0.12 | 1.6 (0.5–5.3) | 0.43 |
| No | 14 (11.1%) | 112 (88.9%) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Upper airway problem | Yes | 23 (19%) | 98 (81%) | 5.0 (1.4–17.0) | 0.01 | 4.3 (1.2–15)∗ | 0.02 |
| No | 3 (4.5%) | 64 (95.5%) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Asthma | Yes | 8 (27.6%) | 21 (72.4%) | 2.9 (1.1–7.7) | 0.02 | 3.1 (1.1–8.8)∗ | 0.02 |
| No | 18 (11.3%) | 141 (88.7%) | 1 | 1 | |||
|
| |||||||
| Tonsillectomy | Yes | 2 (6.7%) | 28 (93.3%) | 0.39 (0.08–1.7) | 0.23 | 0.68 (0.13–3.7) | 0.65 |
| No | 24 (15.2%) | 134 (84.8%) | 1 | 1 | |||
Abbreviations: n, number; COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.∗Variables that showed significant association with S. pneumoniae colonization (p value < 0.05).