The osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs in the 3D-printed CL scaffolds with varied pitches after cultured for 7 days in vitro. (A–E) Quantitative expression of relative osteogenic genes: BSP (A), OCN (B), Runx2 (C), BMP2 (D) and OPN (E) of rBMSCs cultured in different scaffolds for 7 days (n = 4). (F) The semi-quantitative analysis of BSP and OCN proteins expression (n = 3). (G, H) CLSM images of immunofluorescence staining of relative osteogenic proteins: BSP (G) and OCN (H), scale bars = 75 μm. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).