Table 1. Characteristics of Shared Savings Program ACOs by Low and High Proportion of Beneficiaries of Racial and Ethnic Minority Groupsa.
| Characteristic | Low-proportion ACOs (n = 444) | High-proportion ACOs (n = 145) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage of individuals of racial and ethnic minority groups, mean (SD)b | 11.2 (6.4) | 39.3 (15.1) | <.001 |
| Beneficiary characteristics | |||
| With disabilities, % | 11.8 (5.5) | 15.5 (8.6) | <.001 |
| Dual Medicaid eligible, % | 7.4 (7.0) | 18.0 (17.0) | <.001 |
| Percentile of average HCC risk score for aged non–dual-eligible beneficiaries | 41.3 (27.2) | 51.4 (30.7) | <.001 |
| Organizational characteristics | |||
| Program entry cohort, No. (%) | |||
| 2012 | 49 (11) | 52 (36) | <.001 |
| 2013 | 75 (17) | 20 (14) | |
| 2014 | 81 (18) | 30 (21) | |
| 2015 | 77 (17) | 12 (8) | |
| 2016 | 85 (19) | 15 (10) | |
| 2017 | 77 (17) | 16 (11) | |
| No. of beneficiaries (hundreds) | 32.2 (33.7) | 24.9 (29.0) | .02 |
| Organizing entity, No. (%) | |||
| Physician led | 196 (44) | 80 (55) | .048 |
| Hospital led | 88 (20) | 27 (19) | |
| Both | 160 (36) | 38 (26) | |
| Risk model, No. (%) | |||
| Always upside | 384 (86) | 119 (83) | .19 |
| Ever downside risk | 60 (14) | 26 (18) | |
| No. of clinicians (hundreds) | 8.2 (11.7) | 8.6 (14.9) | .74 |
| Primary care clinicians, % | 35.8 (16.0) | 39.8 (16.6) | .01 |
| Advanced practice clinicians, % | 28.0 (12.0) | 25.7 (15.1) | .06 |
| Out-of-network care, % | 47.3 (16.0) | 53.8 (16.5) | <.001 |
| Community characteristics | |||
| Geography, No. (%) | |||
| Suburban | 210 (48) | 31 (21) | <.001 |
| Urban | 234 (53) | 114 (79) | |
| Dual Medicaid/Medicare eligible, % | 1.3 (2.9) | 0.4 (0.5) | .002 |
| Income level less than the poverty line, % | 13.5 (4.7) | 14.8 (5.7) | .01 |
| No. of PCPs per 1000 residents | 0.93 (0.40) | 0.90 (0.30) | .36 |
| County median household income (in $1000) | 65.1 (19.6) | 67.1 (20.9) | .30 |
Abbreviations: ACOs, accountable care organizations; HCC, hierarchical condition case; PCP, primary care physician.
a
The ACOs in the highest quartile of proportion of beneficaries of racial and ethnic minority groups were designated high-proportion ACOs, and ACOs in the lowest 3 quartiles were designated low-proportion ACOs.
b
Unless otherwise specified, number represents means (SD).