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. 2022 Oct 1;20:432. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01636-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 10 — Regulation of HSTP1-Exos via inhibiting CCL2 secretion from aHSCs. A Cellular uptake of the Dil-labeled Blank-Exos, Lamp2b-Exos, and HSTP1-Exos (red) into FITC-labeled CD68⁺ macrophage (green) in fibrotic liver tissues. The bar graph depicts the Manders’ coefficients M1 and M2 in colocalization. B Immunofluorescence double staining of liver tissue with CY3-labeled CD68 and FITC-labeled CD163. The bar graph depicts the percentage of CD68⁺CD163⁺ double positive macrophages to CD68 + positive macrophages in each group. C Representative images of immunohistochemistry staining of liver tissues antibody of CCL2. The degree of liver fibrosis was assessed by the Metavir score system (F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4). D The correlation between α-SMA and CCL2 under different fibrotic degree. F0 and F1 were defined as mild fibrosis, F2 and F3 as moderative fibrosis, and F4 as severe fibrosis. Protein expression was quantified based on the evaluation of staining using semiquantitative Histoscore. E The scatter plot of a correlation between aHSCs (α-SMA) IHC staining score and CCL2 score. F Elisa analysis of CCL2 protein expression levels in exosomes treated HSC-T6 cells. Scale bar: 20 µm. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001