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. 2022 Sep 27;16:3165–3174. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S377541

Table 1.

Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Study Participants

Variable Categorical Frequency (%)
Age 18–24 356 (45.41)
25–34 213 (27.17)
35–44 135 (17.22)
45–54 68 (8.67)
55–64 12 (1.53)
Gender Male 295 (37.63)
Female 489 (62.37)
Residence Village 441 (56.25)
City 343 (43.75)
Level of education Elementary 8 (1.02)
Intermediate 12 (1.53)
Secondary 171 (21.81)
University 558 (71.17)
Postgraduate level 35 (4.46)
Time spent daily on reading papers, books, or writing Less than 2 h 434 (55.36)
2–4 h 168 (21.43)
4–6 h 95 (12.12)
More than 6 h 87 (11.1)
Time spent daily on digital devices Less than 2 h 66 (8.4)
2–4 h 99 (12.6)
4–6 h 178 (22.7)
More than 6 h 441 (56.3)
Digital devices usage Every day 705 (89.92)
Once - twice a week 27 (3.44)
3–4 times a week 29 (3.7)
5–6 times a week 23 (2.93)
Distance At an arm’s distance 145 (18.49)
Less than 25 cm 360 (45.92)
25–40 cm 279 (35.59)
Position Sitting on chair 286 (36.48)
Lying on the bed 498 (63.52)
Type of digital devices Laptop 348 (44.39)
Tablet/iPad and E-book reader 39 (4.97)
Smartphone 397 (50.64)
Feeling fatigued in the eye after using digital devices No 197 (25.13)
Yes 587 (74.87)
Wearing eyeglasses No 533 (67.98)
Yes 251 (32.02)
Using smartphones at bedtime or after turning off the light No 78 (9.95)
Yes 706 (90.05)