Table 2.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of BD patients and controls.
| Parameter evaluated | BD (n, %) (mean ± SD) | BDI (n, %) (mean ± SD) | BDII (n, %) (mean ± SD) | Controls (n,%) (mean ± SD) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | |||||
| 18-29 | 157 (62.3) | 108 (59.0) | 49 (71.0) | 115 (54.0) | P 1: 0.063 |
| 30-44 | 85 (33.7) | 65 (35.5) | 20 (29.0) | 79 (37.1) | P 2: 0.062 |
| 45-64 | 10 (4.0) | 10 (5.5) | 0 | 17 (8.0) | |
| >64 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.9) | |
| Gender (female/male) | 72/180 | 53/130 | 19/50 | 62/151 |
P
1: 0.899 P2: 0.823 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.25 ± 3.92 | 23.28 ± 4.23 | 23.19 ± 2.96 | 23.42 ± 2.80 |
P
1: 0.745 P2: 0.547 |
| Age at onset (year) | 25.96 ± 9.71 | 25.84 ± 9.02 | 26.29 ± 11.40 | — | P 2: 0.050 |
| Employment status | |||||
| Full-time worker | 26 (10.3) | 23 (12.6) | 3 (4.3) | 111 (81.0) | P 1: <0.001 |
| Part-time worker | 36 (14.3) | 28 (15.3) | 8 (11.6) | 51 (58.6) | P 2: 0.109 |
| Retired | 8 (3.2) | 4 (2.2) | 4 (5.8) | 0 (0) | |
| Unemployed | 149 (59.1) | 104 (56.8) | 45 (65.2) | 32 (17.7) | |
| Other | 33 (13.1) | 24 (13.1) | 9 (13.0) | 19 (38.8) | |
| Family history of mood disorder | — | P 2: 0.689 | |||
| Presence | 162 (64.3) | 119 (65.0) | 43 (62.3) | ||
| Absence | 90 (35.7) | 64 (35.0) | 26 (37.7) | ||
| History of suicide attempt | — | P 2: 0.726 | |||
| Presence | 116 (46.0) | 83 (45.4) | 33 (47.8) | ||
| Absence | 136 (54.0) | 100 (54.6) | 36 (52.2) | ||
| History of anxiety disorders | — | P 2: 0.767 | |||
| Presence | 194 (77.0) | 140 (76.5) | 54 (78.3) | ||
| Absence | 58 (23.0) | 43 (23.5) | 15 (21.7) | ||
| Hospitalization in past 12 months | — | P 2: 0.712 | |||
| Once | 158 (62.7) | 116 (63.4) | 42 (60.9) | ||
| Two or more | 94 (37.3) | 67 (36.6) | 27 (39.1) | ||
| Mood | — | P 2: 0.880 | |||
| Depressed | 86 (34.1) | 62 (33.9) | 24 (34.8) | ||
| Mania | 119 (47.2) | 88 (48.1) | 31 (44.9) | ||
| Mix | 47 (18.7) | 33 (18.0) | 14 (20.3) | ||
| Episodes of mania/hypomania (per year) | — | P 2: 0.519 | |||
| <4 | 191 (75.8) | 142 (77.6) | 49 (71.0) | ||
| 4-20 | 57 (22.6) | 38 (20.8) | 19 (27.5) | ||
| >20 | 4 (1.6) | 3 (1.6) | 1 (1.4) |
BD: bipolar disorder; BMI: body mass index. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. P1: BD vs. control; P2: BDI vs. BDII.