Table 2.

Antiviral effects of berberine (BBR)

Ref	Type of the study	Findings
(Warowicka et al. 2020)	Review study	BBR inhibits replications of DNA and RNA viruses
(Hung et al. 2019)	In vitro study	BBR may inhibit the hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry by targeting viral glycoprotein E2, which is responsible for HCV entry
(Srivastava 2018)	In silico study	BBR has antiviral effects against dengue and Zika viruses by blocking the activity of NS5 and NS3 of dengue and Zika viruses, respectively
(Suryavanshi and Kulkarni 2017)	In vitro study	BBR inhibits RNA synthesis and protein assembly and release of SARS-CoV virions. BBR attenuates SARS-CoV-induced NF-κB activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines
(Kim et al. 2016)	In vitro study	BBR inhibits the pathogenesis of the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and associated inflammatory reactions
(Mahata et al. 2011)	In vitro study	BBR reduces the proliferation of human papillomavirus (HPV), mainly HPV 16 and HPV18, by inhibiting viral E2, E6, and E7 oncoproteins
(Luganini et al. 2019)	In vitro study	BBR inhibits the replication of herpes viruses by suppressing DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
(Wang et al. 2018)	In vitro study	BBR blocks the replication of picorona viruses like enterovirus 71 and associated inflammatory reactions
(Zha et al. 2010)	In vitro study	Using 20 µg of BBR resulted in 94% suppression of the reverse transcriptase enzyme in HIV