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. 2022 Oct 1;12:16477. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-20684-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Backscattered SEM Images of Acp4^R110C/R110C and Acp4^+/+ 7-week Mandibular Incisors. The incisors were cross-sectioned at 1 mm increments (levels 2 through 8). The first two columns (levels 2 and 3) show the secretory stage of enamel formation, where the enamel mineral ribbons elongate to their full length and the enamel layer achieves its final thickness, contour, and rod/interrod organization. Columns 3 through 7 (levels 4 through 8) show enamel maturation, where the thin crystals deposited during the secretory stage grow in width and thickness and the enamel layer as a whole achieves its final degree of mineralization. (A) Acp4^R110C/R110C incisors have a thin, disorganized layer of mineralized material that forms on the surface of dentin, before cell pathology advances to the point where mineral is ectopically deposited within the cellular layer and grows into nodules that are often not attached to the enamel surface. In contrast, (B) the Acp4^+/R110C enamel appears to be totally normal, suggesting that half the normal amount of ACP4 enzyme is sufficient to avoid pathology.