Table 2.
Mean values and standard error of means (SEM) of identified metabolites (μmol/L) within the two groups (group Non-HYK with BHB < 0.80 mmol/L and group HYK with BHB ≥ 0.80 mmol/L).
| Class | Metabolite | Group non-HYK (n = 28) | Group HYK (n = 18) | SEM | p-values2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amino acids and derivates | Asparagine | 16.00 | 11.80 | 0.76 | < 0.001 |
| Glutamine | 59.20 | 47.50 | 2.00 | < 0.001 | |
| Alanine | 57.40 | 48.90 | 1.78 | 0.001 | |
| Tyrosine | 9.94 | 7.70 | 0.44 | 0.001 | |
| Threonine | 36.70 | 29.80 | 2.02 | 0.013 | |
| 3-Methylhistidine | 10.40 | 13.40 | 0.83 | 0.015 | |
| Histidine | 15.80 | 14.50 | 0.49 | 0.064 | |
| Arginine | 67.00 | 58.50 | 4.99 | 0.076 | |
| Methionine | 4.58 | 4.09 | 0.20 | 0.095 | |
| Glutamate | 61.10 | 55.50 | 2.47 | 0.096 | |
| Valine | 51.00 | 43.70 | 2.61 | 0.097 | |
| Proline | 20.30 | 18.90 | 0.76 | 0.144 | |
| Serine | 24.90 | 23.00 | 1.89 | 0.545 | |
| Aspartate | 1.63 | 1.41 | 0.10 | 0.257 | |
| Lysine | 14.40 | 14.10 | 0.84 | 0.798 | |
| Isoleucine | 25.90 | 25.10 | 1.29 | 0.652 | |
| Leucine | 49.80 | 47.70 | 2.12 | 0.539 | |
| Dimethylglycine | 3.63 | 4.05 | 0.24 | 0.484 | |
| Glycine | 125.00 | 139.00 | 7.79 | 0.283 | |
| Betaine | 20.90 | 20.20 | 1.87 | 0.637 | |
| Phenylalanine | 6.45 | 5.62 | 0.27 | 0.134 | |
| Creatine | 39.10 | 41.60 | 1.87 | 0.631 | |
| Creatinine | 1.16 | 1.14 | 0.10 | 0.744 | |
| Taurine | 24.70 | 21.20 | 2.41 | 0.144 | |
| Sarcosine | 0.57 | 0.54 | 0.02 | 0.369 | |
| N6-Acetyl-Lysine | 6.76 | 6.58 | 0.37 | 0.572 | |
| 2-Aminobutyrate | 6.47 | 6.56 | 0.28 | 0.940 | |
| Organic acids | Succinate | 1.55 | 2.19 | 0.11 | < 0.0001 |
| 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate | 3.60 | 4.52 | 0.25 | 0.009 | |
| Acetate | 134.00 | 170.00 | 11.55 | 0.025 | |
| Formate | 7.59 | 8.41 | 0.52 | 0.395 | |
| Pyruvate | 4.53 | 3.99 | 0.25 | 0.154 | |
| Lactate | 283.00 | 288.00 | 23.40 | 0.905 | |
| Citrate | 22.60 | 26.90 | 2.09 | 0.283 | |
| Fumarate | 0.68 | 0.76 | 0.04 | 0.121 | |
| Alcohols | 2,3-Butanediol | 0.86 | 2.35 | 0.31 | 0.002 |
| Ethanol | 2.12 | 5.56 | 0.94 | 0.008 | |
| Methanol | 15.40 | 48.10 | 11.15 | 0.019 | |
| Glycerol | 18.40 | 19.00 | 2.09 | 0.889 | |
| myo-Inositol | 11.10 | 12.10 | 0.80 | 0.493 | |
| Carbohydrates | Glucose | 1093.00 | 1017.00 | 46.70 | 0.371 |
| Mannose | 7.03 | 8.12 | 0.72 | 0.388 | |
| Lactose | 10.90 | 11.40 | 1.86 | 0.728 | |
| Amine and derivates | TMAO1 | 53.70 | 51.60 | 4.11 | 0.456 |
| Dimethylamine | 0.40 | 0.47 | 0.03 | 0.194 | |
| Fatty acids | Isovalerate | 3.63 | 4.05 | 0.24 | 0.220 |
| Methylsuccinate | 0.57 | 0.78 | 0.12 | 0.358 | |
| Ketone bodies | 3-Hydroxybutyrate | 40.20 | 103.30 | 7.34 | < 0.0001 |
| Acetone | 6.05 | 19.52 | 1.88 | < 0.0001 | |
| Sulfone | Dimethyl sulfone | 10.30 | 10.30 | 0.74 | 0.780 |
| Vitamin | Choline | 2.17 | 2.32 | 0.25 | 0.864 |
| Imidazole | Allantoin | 10.50 | 10.30 | 0.55 | 0.695 |
| Nucleoside | Uridine | 4.05 | 3.81 | 0.19 | 0.492 |
| Guanidine | Methylguanidine | 1.02 | 1.13 | 0.05 | 0.103 |
1Trimethylamine-N-oxide.
2P-values corrected with Bonferroni method.