TABLE 2.
Overview of the effect estimates of 80 included diet–disease outcome pairs, including pooling results of BoE from RCTs and CSs based on RE and CE models, 95% PI, heterogeneity, test for subgroup difference, and PI/ECO similarity degree1
| Authors (reference), BoE RCTs | Authors (reference), BoE CSs | Intervention/exposure category | Outcome category | BoE RCTs, n | Effect estimate (95% CI) | I 2 (%)/τ | BoE CSs, n | Effect estimate (95% CI) | I 2 (%)/τ | Pooled effect estimate (95% CI) RE (95% PI) | I 2 (%)/τ | Weight RCTs, % | RCT conclusion modified by pooling (Yes/No) | Test for subgroup difference (P value) | Pooled effect estimate (95% CI) CE | Degree of PI/ECO similarity+ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdelhamid et al. (21) | Chowdhury et al. (53) | ω-3 fatty acids | Cardiovascular disease | 38 | RR: 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 37/0.00 | 16 | RR: 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) | 76/0.03 | RR: 0.95 (0.90, 0.99) (0.76, 1.18) | 58/0.01 | 58.8 | Y | 0.03 | RR: 0.96 (0.94, 0.99) | 2 |
| Abdelhamid et al. (21) | Pan et al. (13) | α-Linolenic acid | Cardiovascular disease | 5 | RR: 0.95 (0.83, 1.07) | 0/0.00 | 11 | RR: 0.93 (0.85, 1.03) | 41/0.01 | RR: 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) (0.77, 1.15) | 30/0.01 | 20.6 | N | 0.89 | RR: 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) | 2 |
| Abdelhamid et al. (21) | Wan et al. (52) | ω-3 fatty acids | All-cause mortality | 39 | RR: 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 11/0.00 | 6 | RR: 0.86 (0.80, 0.93) | 56/0.00 | RR: 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) (0.79, 1.10) | 34/0.01 | 59.7 | Y | 0.008 | RR: 0.93 (0.90, 0.95) | 2 |
| Abdelhamid et al. (21) | Wei et al. (56) | α-Linolenic acid | Cardiovascular mortality | 4 | RR: 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) | 0/0.00 | 9 | RR: 0.85 (0.75, 0.96) | 16/0.01 | RR: 0.85 (0.78, 0.93) (0.77, 0.94) | 0/0.00 | 11.2 | Y | 0.40 | RR: 0.85 (0.78, 0.93) | 2 |
| Abdelhamid et al. (21) | Wei et al. (56) | α-Linolenic acid | Ischemic heart disease | 4 | RR: 1.00 (0.82, 1.22) | 2/0.00 | 13 | RR: 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) | 6/0.00 | RR: 0.91 (0.86, 0.97) (0.84, 1.00) | 4/0.00 | 9.8 | Y | 0.37 | RR: 0.91 (0.86, 0.97) | 2 |
| Abdelhamid et al. (22) | Li et al. (55) | Polyunsaturated fat | All-cause mortality | 24 | RR: 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) | 0/0.00 | 11 | RR: 0.87 (0.81, 0.94) | 68/0.01 | RR: 0.90 (0.85, 0.96) (0.77, 1.06) | 38/0.01 | 29.4 | Y | 0.06 | RR: 0.88 (0.86, 0.90) | 2 |
| Abdelhamid et al. (22) | Chowdhury et al. (53) | Polyunsaturated fat | Ischemic heart disease | 15 | RR: 0.87 (0.72, 1.06) | 45/0.04 | 8 | RR: 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 54/0.01 | RR: 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) (0.75, 1.20) | 49/0.01 | 33.4 | N | 0.30 | RR: 0.97 (0.93, 1.00) | 2 |
| Abdelhamid et al. (22) | Zhu et al. (14) | Polyunsaturated fat | Cardiovascular disease | 2 | RR: 0.84 (0.60, 1.20) | 79/0.05 | 30 | RR: 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) | 59/0.00 | RR: 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) (0.84, 1.09) | 60/0.00 | 6.2 | N | 0.47 | RR: 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 2 |
| Adler et al. (23) | Aburto et al. (57) | Low sodium | All-cause mortality | 7 | RR: 0.96 (0.84, 1.11) | 0/0.00 | 2 | RR: 0.95 (0.71, 1.27) | 82/0.05 | RR: 0.94 (0.81, 1.08) (0.68, 1.30) | 38/0.01 | 39.6 | N | 0.94 | RR: 0.94 (0.86, 1.02) | 2 |
| Adler et al. (23) | Aburto et al. (57) | Low sodium | Cardiovascular mortality | 3 | RR: 0.67 (0.45, 1.01) | 0/0.00 | 3 | RR: 0.87 (0.64, 1.18) | 79/0.07 | RR: 0.82 (0.65, 1.04) (0.43, 1.58) | 61/0.05 | 19.3 | N | 0.33 | RR: 0.77 (0.69, 0.87) | 2 |
| Adler et al. (23) | Aburto et al. (57) | Low sodium | Cardiovascular disease | 4 | RR: 0.76 (0.57, 1.02) | 0/0.00 | 3 | RR: 0.87 (0.64, 1.18) | 79/0.07 | RR: 0.83 (0.67, 1.03) (0.46, 1.30) | 59/0.05 | 30.8 | N | 0.55 | RR: 0.78 (0.69, 0.87) | 2 |
| Adler et al. (23) | Leyvraz et al. (58) | Low sodium | Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 6 | MD: −1.79 (−3.23, −0.36) | 74 | 1 | MD: −1.20 (−1.50, −0.90) | NA | MD: −1.59 (−2.49, −0.69) (−4.27, 1.08) | 70 | 71.7 | N | 0.43 | MD: −1.28 (−1.55, −1.00) | 3 |
| Adler et al. (23) | Leyvraz et al. (58) | Low sodium | Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 5 | MD: −1.17 (−2.08, −0.26) | 58 | 1 | MD: 1.20 (0.95, 1.45) | NA | MD: −0.82 (−2.27, 0.63) (−5.73, 4.08) | 93 | 78.9 | Y | <0.0001 | MD: 0.76 (0.54, 0.98) | 3 |
| Al-Khudairy et al. (24) | Aune et al. (59) | Vitamin C | Cardiovascular disease | 1 | HR: 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) | NA | 9 | RR: 0.84 (0.78, 0.91) | 0/0.00 | HR/RR: 0.88 (0.80, 0.96) (0.72, 1.07) | 29/0.01 | 25.1 | Y | 0.02 | HR/RR: 0.89 (0.84, 0.95) | 2 |
| Al-Khudairy et al. (24) | Aune et al. (59) | Vitamin C | All-cause mortality | 1 | HR: 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | NA | 16 | RR: 0.86 (0.80, 0.92) | 69/0.01 | HR/RR: 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) (0.70, 1.10) | 71/0.01 | 9.3 | Y | 0.0004 | HR/RR: 0.95 (0.92, 0.97) | 2 |
| Avenell et al. (25) | Feng et al. (60) | Vitamin D | Hip fracture | 10 | RR: 1.12 (0.97, 1.30) | 0/0.00 | 11 | RR: 0.62 (0.53, 0.71) | 17/0.01 | RR: 0.78 (0.65, 0.93) (0.41, 1.48) | 62/0.09 | 41.8 | Y | <0.00001 | RR: 0.80 (0.73, 0.88) | 3 |
| Avenell et al. (25) | Feng et al. (60) | Vitamin D | Any fracture | 14 | RR: 1.04 (0.95, 1.15) | 18/0.01 | 11 | RR: 0.71 (0.58, 0.86) | 72/0.06 | RR: 0.89 (0.80, 0.99) (0.61, 1.30) | 60/0.03 | 54.5 | Y | 0.0005 | RR: 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 3 |
| Bjelakovic et al. (26) | Aune et al. (59) | β-Carotene | All-cause mortality | 31 | RR: 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) | 34/0.00 | 8 | RR: 0.82 (0.78, 0.87) | 0/0.00 | RR: 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) (0.76, 1.19) | 67/0.01 | 73.0 | N | <0.00001 | RR: 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 2 |
| Bjelakovic et al. (26) | Aune et al. (59) | Vitamin E | All-cause mortality | 64 | RR: 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 0/0.00 | 9 | RR: 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 6/0.00 | RR: 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) (0.99, 1.03) | 0/0.00 | 83.4 | N | 0.27 | RR: 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 2 |
| Bjelakovic et al. (26) | Aune et al. (59) | Vitamin C | All-cause mortality | 41 | RR: 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 0/0.00 | 16 | RR: 0.86 (0.80, 0.92) | 69/0.01 | RR: 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) (0.78, 1.08) | 40/0.01 | 42.6 | Y | 0.0001 | RR: 0.96 (0.93, 0.98) | 2 |
| Bjelakovic et al. (26) | Aune et al. (59) | Vitamin A | All-cause mortality | 18 | RR: 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 25/0.00 | 8 | RR: 0.82 (0.78, 0.87) | 0/0.00 | RR: 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) (0.66, 1.30) | 71/0.02 | 52.6 | N | <0.00001 | RR: 0.97 (0.94, 1.01) | 3 |
| Bjelakovic et al. (28) | Chowdhury et al. (61) | Vitamin D | All-cause mortality | 56 | RR: 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) | 0/0.00 | 68 | RR: 0.70 (0.65, 0.75) | 83/0.05 | RR: 0.76 (0.72, 0.81) (0.48, 1.22) | 84/0.05 | 28.0 | Y | <0.00001 | RR: 0.79 (0.77, 0.80) | 3 |
| Bjelakovic et al. (28) | Chowdhury et al. (61) | Vitamin D | Cardiovascular mortality | 10 | RR: 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 0/0.00 | 29 | RR: 0.69 (0.60, 0.79) | 84/0.10 | RR: 0.73 (0.65, 0.83) (0.39, 1.38) | 83/0.09 | 14.6 | Y | <0.0001 | RR: 0.75 (0.72, 0.79) | 3 |
| Bjelakovic et al. (28) | Han et al. (62) | Vitamin D | Cancer mortality | 4 | RR: 0.88 (0.78, 0.98) | 0/0.00 | 16 | RR: 0.81 (0.71, 0.93) | 49/0.04 | RR: 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) (0.61, 1.12) | 41/0.02 | 27.2 | N | 0.39 | RR: 0.83 (0.78, 0.88) | 3 |
| Bjelakovic et al. (27) | Han et al. (62) | Vitamin D | Cancer | 18 | RR: 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 0/0.00 | 8 | RR: 0.86 (0.73, 1.02) | 71/0.03 | RR: 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) (0.73, 1.19) | 38/0.01 | 44.7 | N | 0.11 | RR: 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | 3 |
| Bjelakovic et al. (27) | Hossain et al. (63) | Vitamin D | Breast cancer | 7 | RR: 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) | 0/0.00 | 2 | RR: 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 69/0.00 | RR: 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) (0.94, 0.99) | 0/0.00 | 3.9 | Y | 0.68 | RR: 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | 2 |
| Bjelakovic et al. (27) | Zhang et al. (64) | Vitamin D | Lung cancer | 5 | RR: 0.86 (0.69, 1.07) | 0/0.00 | 3 | RR: 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) | 0/0.00 | RR: 0.88 (0.78, 0.99) (0.75, 1.02) | 0/0.00 | 31.4 | Y | 0.81 | RR: 0.88 (0.78, 0.99) | 2 |
| De-Regil et al. (51) | Blencowe et al. (93) | Folate | Neural tube defect | 5 | RR: 0.31 (0.17, 0.58) | 0/0.00 | 3 | RR: 0.37 (0.23, 0.58) | 30/0.06 | RR: 0.39 (0.30, 0.50) (0.28, 0.54) | 0/0.00 | 18.0 | N | 0.68 | RR: 0.39 (0.30, 0.50) | 2 |
| De-Regil et al. (51) | Feng et al. (92) | Folate | Congenital cardiovascular anomalies | 3 | RR: 0.57 (0.24, 1.33) | 0/0.00 | 1 | RR: 0.60 (0.38, 0.96) | NA | RR: 0.59 (0.39, 0.89) (0.24, 1.46) | 0/0.00 | 23.1 | Y | 0.91 | RR: 0.59 (0.39, 0.89) | 2 |
| Hemmingsen et al. (33) | Schwingshackl et al. (68) | Healthy diet | Type 2 diabetes | 1 | RR: 0.65 (0.52, 0.81) | NA | 10 | RR: 0.82 (0.78, 0.85) | 72/0.01 | RR: 0.81 (0.78, 0.85) (0.68, 0.97) | 72/0.01 | 2.5 | N | 0.05 | RR: 0.81 (0.79, 0.83) | 2 |
| Hemmingsen et al. (33) | Schwingshackl et al. (68) | Healthy diet | All-cause mortality | 1 | RR: 1.02 (0.21, 4.98) | NA | 13 | RR: 0.78 (0.77, 0.80) | 59/0.00 | RR: 0.78 (0.77, 0.80) (0.73, 0.84) | 58/0.00 | 0 | Y | 0.74 | RR: 0.78 (0.77, 0.79) | 2 |
| Hofmeyr et al. (34) | Newberry et al. (69) | Calcium | Pre-eclampsia | 13 | RR: 0.47 (0.33, 0.68) | 70/0.18 | 2 | RR: 0.97 (0.78, 1.21) | 13/0.01 | RR: 0.59 (0.45, 0.78) (0.27, 1.31) | 69/0.11 | 73.6 | N | 0.0008 | RR: 0.85 (0.76, 0.95) | 2 |
| Hofmeyr et al. (34) | Newberry et al. (69) | Calcium | High blood pressure | 12 | RR: 0.65 (0.53, 0.81) | 74/0.06 | 2 | RR: 1.12 (0.83, 1.50) | 66/0.03 | RR: 0.76 (0.64, 0.90) (0.45, 1.28) | 74/0.05 | 75.7 | N | 0.004 | RR: 0.91 (0.85, 0.96) | 2 |
| Hooper et al. (35) | Noto et al. (71) | Low fat/modified fat | Cardiovascular mortality | 14 | RR: 0.94 (0.85, 1.04) | 0/0.00 | 3 | RR: 0.91 (0.81, 1.03) | 0/0.00 | RR: 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) (0.85, 1.01) | 0/0.00 | 57.7 | N | 0.69 | RR: 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) | 2 |
| Hooper et al. (35) | Seidelmann et al. (70) | Low fat/modified fat | All-cause mortality | 20 | RR: 0.98 (0.93, 1.04) | 0/0.00 | 6 | RR: 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) | 40/0.00 | RR: 0.92 (0.87, 0.98) (0.80, 1.06) | 22/0.00 | 60.1 | Y | 0.005 | RR: 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) | 2 |
| Hooper et al. (35) | Zhu et al. (14) | Low fat/modified fat | Cardiovascular disease | 18 | RR: 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) | 50/0.02 | 32 | RR: 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 56/0.01 | RR: 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) (0.83, 1.20) | 56/0.01 | 21.2 | Y | 0.002 | RR: 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 2 |
| Hooper et al. (36) | de Souza et al. (73) | Low saturated fat | All-cause mortality | 11 | RR: 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) | 3/0.00 | 5 | RR: 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 33/0.00 | RR: 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) (0.88, 1.12) | 18/0.00 | 44.4 | N | 0.57 | RR: 1.01 (0.96, 1.05) | 2 |
| Hooper et al. (36) | de Souza et al. (73) | Low saturated fat | Cardiovascular mortality | 10 | RR: 0.95 (0.80, 1.12) | 30/0.02 | 3 | RR: 1.03 (0.89, 1.18) | 18/0.00 | RR: 0.99 (0.89, 1.10) (0.77, 1.26) | 25/0.01 | 56.7 | N | 0.46 | RR: 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 2 |
| Hooper et al. (36) | de Souza et al. (73) | Low saturated fat | Cardiovascular disease | 11 | RR: 0.83 (0.72, 0.96) | 65/0.03 | 12 | RR: 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 47/0.02 | RR: 0.90 (0.83, 0.98) (0.67, 1.23) | 55/0.02 | 39.2 | N | 0.15 | RR: 0.94 (0.90, 0.98) | 2 |
| Hooper et al. (38) | Chowdhury et al. (53) | ω-6 fatty acids | Cardiovascular disease | 7 | RR: 0.97 (0.81, 1.15) | 45/0.02 | 8 | RR: 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 54/0.01 | RR: 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) (0.81, 1.17) | 46/0.01 | 29.5 | N | 0.91 | RR: 0.98 (0.94, 1.01) | 2 |
| Hooper et al. (38) | Li et al. (55) | ω-6 fatty acids | All-cause mortality | 10 | RR: 1.00 (0.88, 1.12) | 0/0.00 | 11 | RR: 0.87 (0.81, 0.94) | 68/0.01 | RR: 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) (0.75, 1.08) | 54/0.01 | 20.1 | Y | 0.07 | RR: 0.88 (0.86, 0.90) | 2 |
| Hooper et al. (38) | Li et al. (55) | ω-6 fatty acids | Cardiovascular mortality | 7 | RR: 1.09 (0.76, 1.55) | 61/0.1 | 14 | RR: 0.86 (0.81, 0.92) | 6/0.00 | RR: 0.89 (0.81, 0.98) (0.69, 1.14) | 39/0.01 | 21.1 | Y | 0.21 | RR: 0.89 (0.85, 0.93) | 2 |
| Jin et al. (20) | Jin et al. (20) | Flavonoids | Colorectal adenoma/cancer | 1 | RR: 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) | NA | 3 | RR: 1.00 (0.80, 1.25) | 66/0.02 | RR: 1.03 (0.88, 1.20) (0.56, 1.88) | 56/0.01 | 30.4 | N | 0.55 | RR: 1.02 (0.93, 1.13) | 3 |
| Jin et al. (20) | Jin et al. (20) | Isoflavones | Colorectal adenoma/cancer | 1 | RR: 0.98 (0.83, 1.16) | NA | 1 | RR: 1.16 (0.96, 1.41) | NA | RR: 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) (NA) | 43/0.01 | 54.1 | N | 0.19 | RR: 1.06 (0.93, 1.19) | 3 |
| Jin et al. (20) | Jin et al. (20) | Flavonols | Colorectal adenoma/cancer | 1 | RR: 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) | NA | 1 | RR: 0.95 (0.83, 1.08) | NA | RR: 0.94 (0.85, 1.04) (NA) | 0/0.01 | 39.5 | N | 0.93 | RR: 0.94 (0.85, 1.04) | 3 |
| Keats et al. (50) | Wolf et al. (94) | Micronutrients | Preterm birth | 18 | RR: 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 51/0.01 | 4 | RR: 0.84 (0.69, 1.03) | 73/0.03 | RR: 0.93 (0.88, 0.99) (0.77, 1.12) | 58/0.01 | 80.4 | Y | 0.26 | RR: 0.95 (0.92, 0.97) | 2 |
| Keats et al. (50) | Wolf et al. (94) | Micronutrients | Low birth weight | 18 | RR: 0.88 (0.85, 0.91) | 0/0.00 | 2 | RR: 0.79 (0.45, 1.41) | 89/0.15 | RR: 0.88 (0.84, 0.92) (0.81, 0.95) | 9/0.00 | 94.4 | N | 0.72 | RR: 0.88 (0.85, 0.91) | 2 |
| Keats et al. (50) | Wolf et al. (94) | Micronutrients | Small gestational age | 17 | RR: 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) | 40/0.00 | 3 | RR: 0.77 (0.63, 0.93) | 43/0.01 | RR: 0.89 (0.83, 0.95) (0.70, 1.12) | 69/0.01 | 85.8 | N | 0.07 | RR: 0.96 (0.94, 0.98) | 2 |
| Kelly et al. (39) | Ye et al. (74) | Whole grains | Body weight, kg | 5 | MD: −0.41 (−1.04, 0.23) | 0 | 3 | MD: −0.30 (−0.37, −0.24) | 99 | MD: −0.31 (−0.37, −0.24) (−0.46, −0.15) | 98 | 1.0 | Y | 0.76 | MD: −0.33 (−0.34, −0.33) | 2 |
| Mathew et al. (40) | Jiang et al. (75) | β-Carotene | Cataract | 2 | RR: 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 0/0.00 | 7 | RR: 0.90 (0.83, 0.99) | 0/0.00 | RR: 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) (0.88, 1.02) | 0/0.00 | 53.9 | N | 0.12 | RR: 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | 2 |
| Mathew et al. (40) | Jiang et al. (75) | Vitamin E | Cataract | 3 | RR: 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 0/0.00 | 6 | RR: 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) | 31/0.01 | RR: 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) (0.84, 1.06) | 12/0.00 | 67.5 | N | 0.25 | RR: 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 2 |
| Mathew et al. (40) | Jiang et al. (75) | Vitamin C | Cataract | 1 | RR: 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | NA | 7 | RR: 0.74 (0.59, 0.95) | 78/0.07 | RR: 0.79 (0.64, 0.97) (0.41, 1.50) | 81/0.06 | 17.5 | Y | 0.02 | RR: 0.88 (0.82, 0.95) | 2 |
| Palacios et al. (41) | Hu et al. (77) | Vitamin D | Gestational diabetes | 5 | RR: 0.54 (0.34, 0.86) | 0/0.00 | 21 | OR: 0.76 (0.64, 0.90) | 61/0.08 | RR/OR: 0.74 (0.63, 0.87) (0.42, 1.31) | 54/0.07 | 7.8 | N | 0.18 | RR/OR: 0.73 (0.67, 0.80) | 3 |
| Palacios et al. (41) | Tous et al. (78) | Vitamin D | Preterm birth | 4 | RR: 1.25 (0.92, 1.69) | 0/0.00 | 19 | OR: 0.77 (0.65, 0.92) | 63/0.08 | RR/OR: 0.82 (0.69, 0.98) (0.43, 1.57) | 63/0.09 | 13.6 | Y | 0.008 | RR/OR: 0.77 (0.70, 0.84) | 3 |
| Palacios et al. (41) | Tous et al. (78) | Vitamin D | Birth length, cm | 11 | MD: −0.04 (−0.26, 0.19) | 23 | 7 | MD: −0.12 (−0.33, 0.09) | 62 | MD: −0.08 (−0.23, 0.07) (−0.50, 0.34) | 41 | 41.1 | N | 0.60 | MD: −0.06 (−0.16, 0.03) | 3 |
| Palacios et al. (41) | Tous et al. (78) | Vitamin D | Birth weight, g | 13 | MD: 32.61 (−9.51, 74.72) | 22 | 14 | MD: 84.20 (52.59, 115.81) | 58 | MD: 68.33 (40.42, 96.24) (−34.39, 171.05) | 55 | 33.6 | Y | 0.05 | MD: 73.53 (57.69, 89.37) | 3 |
| Palacios et al. (41) | Tous et al. (78) | Vitamin D | Head circumference at birth, cm | 10 | MD: 0.08 (−0.09, 0.25) | 40 | 7 | MD: 0.47 (−0.16, 1.11) | 98 | MD: 0.26 (−0.06, 0.58) (−1.12, 1.64) | 95 | 55.2 | N | 0.24 | MD: 0.07 (−0.00, 0.14) | 3 |
| Palacios et al. (41) | Yuan et al. (76) | Vitamin D | Pre-eclampsia | 5 | RR: 0.96 (0.65, 1.42) | 0/0.00 | 15 | OR: 0.62 (0.50, 0.77) | 60/0.10 | RR/OR: 0.66 (0.54, 0.81) (0.33, 1.30) | 55/0.10 | 12.2 | Y | 0.06 | RR/OR: 0.67 (0.60, 0.76) | 3 |
| Rees et al. (42) | Kastorini et al. (79) | Healthy diet | Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 11 | MD: −2.61 (−3.91, −1.31) | 55 | 1 | MD: 0.80 (−0.84, 2.44) | NA | MD: −2.18 (−3.55, −0.82) (−6.19, 1.82) | 67 | 85.9 | N | 0.001 | MD: −1.86 (−2.45, −1.28) | 2 |
| Rees et al. (42) | Kastorini et al. (79) | Healthy diet | Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 11 | MD: −1.45 (−2.22, −0.68) | 45 | 1 | MD: 0.90 (−0.38, 2.18) | NA | MD: −1.21 (−2.05, −0.36) (−3.66, 1.25) | 61 | 87.2 | N | 0.002 | MD: −1.03 (−1.46, −0.60) | 2 |
| Rees et al. (43) | Jayedi et al. (95) | Selenium | All-cause mortality | 2 | RR: 0.97 (0.88, 1.08) | 0/0.00 | 3 | RR: 0.79 (0.73, 0.85) | 0/0.00 | RR: 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) (0.60, 1.22) | 62/0.01 | 40.6 | Y | 0.001 | RR: 0.85 (0.80, 0.91) | 2 |
| Rees et al. (43) | Xiang et al. (80) | Selenium | Cardiovascular mortality | 2 | RR: 1.02 (0.74, 1.41) | 44/0.03 | 3 | RR: 0.77 (0.63, 0.94) | 6/0.00 | RR: 0.85 (0.70, 1.04) (0.50, 1.46) | 38/0.02 | 45.5 | N | 0.15 | RR: 0.86 (0.75, 0.98) | 3 |
| Rees et al. (43) | Zhang et al. (81) | Selenium | Cardiovascular disease | 2 | RR: 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 0/0.00 | 14 | RR: 0.87 (0.76, 1.00) | 4/0.00 | RR: 0.94 (0.85, 1.04) (0.77, 1.15) | 16/0.01 | 47.2 | N | 0.04 | RR: 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 3 |
| Rees et al. (44) | Kastorini et al. (79) | Mediterranean diet | HDL, mmol/L | 6 | MD: 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) | 0 | 1 | MD: 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | NA | MD: 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) (−0.01, 0.04) | 0 | 82.3 | N | 0.84 | MD: 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) | 2 |
| Rees et al. (44) | Kastorini et al. (79) | Mediterranean diet | Triglycerides, mmol/L | 7 | MD: −0.09 (−0.17, −0.01) | 16 | 1 | MD: −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | NA | MD: −0.06 (−0.13, −0.00) (−0.19, 0.07) | 25 | 64.0 | Y | 0.15 | MD: −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | 2 |
| Rees et al. (44) | Kastorini et al. (79) | Mediterranean diet | Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 4 | MD: −1.50 (−3.92, 0.92) | 16 | 1 | MD: 0.80 (−0.84, 2.44) | NA | MD: −0.56 (−2.60, 1.48) (−6.14, 5.03) | 38 | 59.7 | N | 0.12 | MD: −0.07 (−1.38, 1.23) | 2 |
| Rees et al. (44) | Rosato et al. (83) | Mediterranean diet | Cardiovascular mortality | 1 | HR: 0.81 (0.50, 1.32) | NA | 7 | RR: 0.74 (0.67, 0.81) | 47/0.01 | HR/RR: 0.74 (0.68, 0.81) (0.61, 0.91) | 40/0.01 | 5.4 | Y | 0.71 | RR: 0.78 (0.75, 0.81) | 2 |
| Rees et al. (44) | Rosato et al. (83) | Mediterranean diet | Cardiovascular disease | 1 | HR: 0.70 (0.58, 0.85) | NA | 11 | RR: 0.81 (0.74, 0.88) | 80/0.01 | HR/RR: 0.80 (0.74, 0.87) (0.62, 1.03) | 78/0.01 | 10.8 | N | 0.19 | RR: 0.84 (0.82, 0.87) | 2 |
| Rees et al. (44) | Soltani et al. (82) | Mediterranean diet | All-cause mortality | 1 | HR: 1.00 (0.81, 1.24) | NA | 26 | RR: 0.90 (0.89, 0.92) | 80/0.00 | HR/RR: 0.91 (0.89, 0.92) (0.86, 0.95) | 78/0.00 | 0.5 | Y | 0.34 | RR: 0.92 (0.92, 0.93) | 2 |
| Rutjes et al. (45) | Doets et al. (84) | B-vitamins | Dementia/MCI | 1 | RR: 1.01 (0.69, 1.48) | NA | 3 | RR: 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 22/0.00 | RR: 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) (0.98, 1.01) | 0/0.00 | 0.0 | N | 0.95 | RR: 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 3 |
| Rutjes et al. (45) | Goodwill and Szoeke (85) | Vitamin D | Dementia/MCI | 1 | RR: 1.09 (0.70, 1.71) | NA | 14 | OR: 0.88 (0.82, 0.95) | 56/0.01 | RR/OR: 0.88 (0.82, 0.95) (0.71, 1.11) | 54/0.01 | 2.3 | Y | 0.34 | RR/OR: 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) | 3 |
| Tieu et al. (47) | Chia et al. (87) | Healthy diet | Preterm birth | 3 | RR: 0.52 (0.21, 1.28) | 0/0.00 | 5 | OR: 0.81 (0.69, 0.94) | 31/0.01 | RR/OR: 0.83 (0.75, 0.93) (0.70, 1.00) | 6/0.00 | 1.4 | Y | 0.35 | RR/OR: 0.86 (0.79, 0.93) | 2 |
| Tieu et al. (47) | Chia et al. (87) | Healthy diet | Small gestational age | 2 | RR: 0.84 (0.49, 1.42) | 0/0.00 | 8 | OR: 0.88 (0.71, 1.08) | 36/0.03 | RR/OR: 0.88 (0.75, 1.03) (0.64, 1.21) | 19/0.01 | 8.1 | N | 0.88 | RR/OR: 0.91 (0.86, 0.97) | 2 |
| Tieu et al. (47) | Chia et al. (87) | Healthy diet | Birth weight, g | 5 | MD: 5.94 (−51.11, 62.99) | 0 | 12 | MD: −9.61 (−53.12, 33.91) | 86 | MD: −8.56 (−46.48, 29.36) (−152.77, 135.64) | 81 | 17.2 | N | 0.67 | MD: 36.30 (22.33, 50.26) | 2 |
| Tieu et al. (47) | Mijatovic-Vukas et al. (88) | Healthy diet | Gestational diabetes | 5 | RR: 0.61 (0.36, 1.04) | 54/0.18 | 4 | OR: 0.70 (0.62, 0.80) | 6/0.00 | RR/OR: 0.69 (0.59, 0.81) (0.48, 1.00) | 33/0.02 | 22.4 | Y | 0.60 | RR/OR: 0.71 (0.63, 0.79) | 2 |
| Vinceti et al. (19) | Vinceti et al. (19) | Selenium | Cancer | 5 | RR: 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 46/0.01 | 7 | OR: 0.72 (0.55, 0.93) | 46/0.06 | RR/OR: 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) (0.52, 1.42) | 64/0.04 | 54.3 | N | 0.03 | RR/OR: 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 3 |
| Vinceti et al. (19) | Vinceti et al. (19) | Selenium | Cancer mortality | 2 | RR: 0.81 (0.49, 1.32) | 79/0.10 | 1 | OR: 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) | NA | RR/OR: 0.90 (0.78, 1.05) (0.53, 1.54) | 46/0.01 | 33.6 | N | 0.58 | RR/OR: 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) | 2 |
| Vinceti et al. (19) | Vinceti et al. (19) | Selenium | Colorectal cancer | 3 | RR: 0.74 (0.41, 1.33) | 48/0.13 | 1 | OR: 0.80 (0.68, 0.94) | NA | RR/OR: 0.82 (0.64, 1.04) (0.38, 1.78) | 28/0.02 | 40.5 | N | 0.80 | RR/OR: 0.82 (0.71, 0.94) | 2 |
| Yao et al. (49) | Aune et al. (91) | Fiber | Colorectal cancer | 2 | RR: 2.69 (1.06, 6.82) | 0/0.00 | 19 | RR: 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) | 4/0.00 | RR: 0.88 (0.82, 0.96) (0.74, 1.05) | 18/0.01 | 0.7 | Y | 0.02 | RR: 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) | 2 |
| Yao et al. (49) | Ben et al. (90) | Fiber | Colorectal adenoma | 5 | RR: 1.04 (0.94, 1.14) | 4/0.00 | 4 | RR: 0.92 (0.76, 1.11) | 33/0.01 | RR: 1.00 (0.91, 1.11) (0.82, 1.23) | 23/0.00 | 65.9 | N | 0.26 | RR: 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) | 3 |
1
BoE, bodies of evidence; CE, common-effect model; CS, cohort study; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MD, mean difference; NA, not applicable; PI, prediction interval; PI/ECO, population, intervention/exposure, comparator, outcome; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RE, random-effects model; RR, risk ratio.