TABLE 2.

Assessed outcomes in the selected studies

First author, year (reference), country	Outcomes	Outcomes assessment
Olausson et al., 2008 (17), Sweden	• Gastric lag phase (the amount of time between the patient finishing the meal and the stomach emptying the food) and percent retention measured by scintigraphy• Changes in biochemical analysis (blood glucose and insulin concentrations)	• After meal ingestion, gastric lag phase and gastric retention measured every 2 min for up to 180 min from the beginning of the meal• Ingestion time corrected for individuals who took longer to complete the meal• Blood glucose and insulin collected at the time of ingestion and every 15 min up to 180 min
Setchell et al., 2013 (18), USA	• Gastric emptying time measured by 13C-octanoic acid breath test• GCSI scores	• Gastric emptying time measured at baseline, 8 wk, 12 wk, and 20 wk• GCSI measured at baseline, 8 wk, 12 wk, and 20 wk
Olausson et al., 2014 (10), Sweden	• Gastric emptying measured by scintigraphy• PAGI-SYM questionnaire to measure patient symptoms• HADS to evaluate anxiety and depression• Quality of life measured by the SF-36• Patients filled out a 4-d food diary at home after training by dietitians• Weight, height, and HbA1c	• Gastric retention at 2 h prior to study start and at final visit• PAGI-SYM, HADS, SF-36 completed at the initial visit and before the final visit (20 wk)• 4-d dietary record completed 3 d during the week and 1 d on the weekend• Body weight, height, and HbA1c measured at study start and at final visit
Homko et al., 2015 (16), USA	• PAGI-SYM questionnaire to measure patient symptoms• FFQ to evaluate nutritional intake• Exercise habits questionnaire (Paffenbarger survey) to measure activity level and number of calories expended per week• Body-composition measurement to determine BMI, percent lean mass and fat mass	• Full PAGI-SYM, FFQ, and Paffenbarger survey completed at baseline• Body composition at baseline• At subsequent visits weight measured prior to intervention• Before intervention, participants completed 2 abbreviated versions of the PAGI-SYM twice, 15 min apart• Abbreviated PAGI-SYM given immediately after completing test meal and completed every 15 min for 4 h
Wytiaz et al., 2015 (13), USA	• Food Tolerance and Aversion Survey• PAGI-SYM questionnaire to measure patient symptoms• Nutritional content and food quality reported on the Food Tolerance and Aversion Survey assessed using the USDA National Nutrient Database	• PAGI-SYM assessed at the time the Food Tolerance and Aversion Survey completed• Nutritional analysis done after the Food Tolerance and Aversion Survey completed
Mahjoub et al., (19), Iran	• GCSI• Biochemical analysis: complete blood count, fasting blood sugar, HbA1c• Systolic and diastolic blood pressure• BMI	• Measured at baseline and 4 wk• GCSI• Biochemical analysis• Blood pressure• BMI

¹GCSI, Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index; HADS, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; PAGI-SYM, Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms; SF-36, 36-item Short-Form Survey.