FIGURE 3.

Pooled effect estimates and 95% CIs of comparisons reporting on (A) fasted blood BHB and (B) fasted blood glucose after compared with before consumption of an exogenous ketone (monoester, circle; salt, triangle) supplement. Effect sizes (raw mean differences, mM) were pooled separately at each time point using a generic inverse-variance pooling method with a random-effects model using the Sidik-Jonkmann τ² estimator for between-study variance and the Hartung-Knapp adjustment. See Supplemental Table 8 for more details. BHB, β-hydroxybutyrate; monoester, (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate ketone monoester.